Deceptive Advertising Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ads Essays

Deceptive AdvertisingAs a consumer in a world of unceasing advertising messages being flashed before my eyes, I am always wary of the truth of those messages that I see. It is terrible when consumers see an advertisement, whether it is in a magazine, television or any other medium, and they decide to make a purchase only to find out they are not getting what they originally think or make water to pay more than they had expected. Deceptive advertisements have been a problem since the early days of media and consumers have needed to keep an eye out for them. Yet, with so many advertisements that consumers are exposed to each day, worrying about the truth of every line and every sentence of an ad is quite inconvenient. Advertisers must embrace strict guidelines to stay clear of lawsuits resulting from deceptive advertisements. I will be focusing on automobile advertisements and how consumers have been deceived through their ads.Deceptive advertising skunk be described as advertisin g which is misleading in a material aspect. (Simon 256) This definition would include all the false and misleading advertisements that would appear in print, television, radio, outdoor and direct mailings. As well as more non-traditional forms of advertising like transportation ads along with the use of pictures, trade names, display materials, labels, gross revenue talks, sales letters, price lists and catalogs. As any consumer can see, advertisers have many means by which they can trick or deceive us consumers into buying products not planned for. Unlike most tort cases that are decided in the courtroom by a judge, most deceptive advertisement claims are turned everyplace to governmental agencies like the Federal Trade Commission. Agencies like the FTC are better suited to handle these cases because they have the indispensable expertise to make proper decisions.So before an ad can be deemed deceptive, a complaint must be made to the FTC. From then an investigation can be made in to the falsity and deceptiveness of the advertisement. The FTC tests to see the reaction from other consumers as to how misleading the ad is. These tests are done in the atmosphere and under the same circumstances as the actual consumer would be in. The test is based on the casual reaction of the consumer and the impression that they received from the ad. This public view of the ordinary and truste... ...at the consumers should have understood it. This resolve will help consumers feel more comfortable when they go through the leasing process. Hopefully, consumers wont have to worry about deceptive advertisements because advertising agencies and automobile companies will have to clearly state all the costs and conditions in a clear manner. One day I plan on purchasing a pertly car and it is very likely that I will lease it. This settlement between Grey Advertising and the Federal Trade Commission will format some ease to the consumer because they know that the advertisements sho uld be truthful and they should contain all of the information necessary to make an certified decision. It will still be necessary for the consumer to read through ads completely and carefully, not relying solely on the large, bold copy of the ad. Print ads, especially automobile ads, try to be visually harming to the eye but there is a need for the negative information to be displayed. As a general rule to the consumer, always be as informed as possible before making a purchasing decisions. Buyers beware.Works Cited PageFTC DRIVES TO END THE BLUR IN CAR LEASING ADS, (August 28, 1998)

William Blakes The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and Lond

Compargon and Contrast William Blakes The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and LondonI am going to compare and secern three of William Blake poems, wherehe shows his feelings about the way people treat peasantren TheChimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and London.The Chimney-Sweeper is about a child who sweeps chimneys. WilliamBlake sets this poem in the winter. The children worked in the cold.Blake says, A little fateful thing among the snow, The little blackthing, Is the child who is dirty from cleaning the chimneys whostands out in the snow. He also looks like a black mask on thelandscape. Like a dirty stain. Crying weep, weep in the nones of woe Blake hears them crying a song. As children do when they aresad, the notes of woe are notes of extreme sadness. Where are bothfather and mother? Say? They are both gone up to the church to praythis sounds as if somebody is asking the boy questions and he answers.The childs parents are missing. They dont know where thei r parentare, they could be praying at church. The church back indeed was inpossession of a lot of land, building and laid down guide lives forpeoples demeanor styles. It also seems as if the church supports theparents and does not con positionr that they have done any thing wrong. Theparents are sending the children to work at early age, and indangerous conditions (chimneys).In the second write William Blake talks about the child as a happychild, but since hes been take up the chimneys he is aware of thedangers of his new avocation hence cloths of death, hes now a differentperson. His new job has changed his life, and he lives his life question if today he will reveal up a chimney. It has robbed him of alif... ...the priest and Kingfor not noticing and accepting the bad environment the poor are livingin. Blake doesnt like the Priest and church service for not caring for thepoor, even though they worship God and the Priest, it is unfair. Blakethought very highly of children, h e matte sorry for the children whobecame chimney sweepers. He states this many times in his poetry. Hethought that the children were the future and that they shouldnt betreated like dirt. They shouldnt stick to starved for hunger, the affluentshould have looked after the children, but they didnt. The childrendidnt get any importance then. Blake wanted the rich to know thesuffering and pain they have put the poor side through.This povety is also happening in the earthly concern now and William Blake nowhelps the world relise that there is povety in the world, and alsoemphasizes to care for the poor. William Blakes The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and LondCompare and Contrast William Blakes The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and LondonI am going to compare and contrast three of William Blake poems, wherehe shows his feelings about the way people treat children TheChimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and London.The Chimney-Sweeper is a bout a child who sweeps chimneys. WilliamBlake sets this poem in the winter. The children worked in the cold.Blake says, A little black thing among the snow, The little blackthing, Is the child who is dirty from cleaning the chimneys whostands out in the snow. He also looks like a black mask on thelandscape. Like a dirty stain. Crying weep, weep in the notes ofwoe Blake hears them crying a song. As children do when they aresad, the notes of woe are notes of extreme sadness. Where are bothfather and mother? Say? They are both gone up to the church to praythis sounds as if someone is asking the boy questions and he answers.The childs parents are missing. They dont know where their parentare, they could be praying at church. The church back then was inpossession of a lot of land, building and laid down guide lives forpeoples life styles. It also seems as if the church supports theparents and does not consider that they have done any thing wrong. Theparents are sending the children to w ork at early age, and indangerous conditions (chimneys).In the second verse William Blake talks about the child as a happychild, but since hes been take up the chimneys he is aware of thedangers of his new job hence cloths of death, hes now a differentperson. His new job has changed his life, and he lives his lifewondering if today he will die up a chimney. It has robbed him of alif... ...the priest and Kingfor not noticing and accepting the bad environment the poor are livingin. Blake doesnt like the Priest and Church for not caring for thepoor, even though they worship God and the Priest, it is unfair. Blakethought very highly of children, he felt sorry for the children whobecame chimney sweepers. He states this many times in his poetry. Hethought that the children were the future and that they shouldnt betreated like dirt. They shouldnt get starved for hunger, the wealthyshould have looked after the children, but they didnt. The childrendidnt get any importance then. Blake wante d the rich to know thesuffering and pain they have put the poor side through.This povety is also happening in the world now and William Blake nowhelps the world relise that there is povety in the world, and alsoemphasizes to care for the poor.

Theories of Post-Coloniality: Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats :: Essays Papers

Theories of Post-Coloniality Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats(Citations from Saids essay Yeats and Decolonization as published by Bay Press, not the Field mean solar day pamphlet)Post-colonial theory, a mode of thought which accepts European Imperialism as a historical fact and attempts to address nations touched by colonial enterprises, has as yet failed to adequately consider Ireland as a post-colonial nation. Undoubtedly, Ireland is a post-colonial nation (where post-colonial refers to any consequence of colonial contact) with a body of literary work that may be read productively as post-colonial.Although colonialism, as a subject for Irish criticism and theory, has been tentatively broached (for example, see Celtic Revivals (1985) by Seamus Deane) Edward Saids lecture Yeats and Decolonization, published as a pamphlet by Field Day in 1988, was an important catalyst for post-colonial study of Irish publications and culture. The premise of this now seminal study is that Yeats was a p oet of decolonisation, a muse expressing the Irish experience of the dominant colonial power of Britain. Rather than reading Yeatss poetry from the conventional perspective of high European modernism Said explains that he appears to me, and I am sure many others in the Third World, to go bad naturally to the other cultural domain (3).Using this as his point of departure, Said enters into a line of argument which claims that Yeats was a central figure in debating and asserting an overt drive towards the construction of a national Irish identity as a vital act of decolonisation. Further, Said places Yeats within a global framework of anti-Imperialism, drawing parallels between the Irish poet and Third world writers and theorists such as Fanon, Neruda and Achebe. Though an incredibly influential essay, the reverberations of which may still be felt in Inventing Ireland and other texts, it is also a work that demands close analysis and is replete with short-sighted and ill-informed idea s.Said locates Ireland among territories like India, South America, Africa and Malaysia as a station of colonial contention. In doing so he emphasises Irelands role, and thus Irish literature, in colonial history as a member of the peripheral (from a Eurocentric viewpoint) Third World. According to this bog dwellers are paralleled as the Irish counterpart to innumerable niggers, .... babus and wogs (6). Yet, this argument, in retrospect, does not hold.Denis Donoghue (Confusion in Irish Studies) has explicitly condemned post-colonial theory for adopting a global paradigm of colonial experience as a discourse which treats all Empires as homogenous.

Loyalty to Family in Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essay example --

Loyalty to Family in Barn Burning by William Faulkner The short twaddle Barn Burning by William Faulkner is a stark look at the struggle of a boy to try to do what is right, or do what is best(p) for his family during the post Civil War era. The main character, Sartoris Snopes is a poor son of a migrant tenant farmer who, in the opening scene is macrocosm questioned about the burning of a farmers barn by his father, Abner Snopes. The boy is torn between choosing what is right, telling the truth, or lying to protect his father. The boy is not constrained to tell to judge about his father burning the barn, but is certain he would get under ones skin told if asked. The father is a soldier from the Civil War and has a knack for burning down the barns of those who cross his path. Faulkner uses the symbol of blood to illustrate the theme of loyalty to the family.Faulkner illustrates the theme of blood when he is to testify, and is pressured by his father to lie. In the makeshift cou rtroom, when the boy is put on the stand he is pressured because he knows that his father will do nighthing rash if his son tells the truth. He also is told that some things are more important than the truth, that family is the most important thing. When Abner states, You would have told them. This shows how the boy feels toward his blood father, and how even though it would have been a lie he should have testified in his fathers favor. This scene also reveals how the father feels about family. The father belie...

E.E. Cummings: The Birth of Modern Poetry Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The bullyest poets are those with memories so great that they extend beyond their strongest experiences to their minutest observations of people and things far outside their consume self-centeredness. This quote said by Stephen Spender depicts a great poet as someone who utilizes their past observations to increase their knowledge about people, nature, love, and life. Like a great poet, E.E. Cummings employed his past experiences in his poetry and life. Known as one of the preeminent poets of the 20th century, E.E. Cummings poetry has received an array of some(prenominal) positive and negative criticism. Nonetheless, Cummingss poetry has inspired many poets and authors with his liberal views on love, nature, and religion along with his modern writing style. Although many criticized his modern-day style, E.E. Cummings modernized the traditional views of love, nature, and religion in poetry by emphasizing his contemporary beliefs, while incorporating a uniquely modern writi ng style. As a strong advocate of individualism, E.E. Cummings ignored biased critics throughout his career and developed a contemporary writing style. From the beginning of his career, Cummings punctuate imagination and individuality in his poetry. He believed that humans had the ability to think for themselves and imagine beyond what was rational (Kidder 7). In believing so, E.E. Cummings refused to take advice or criticism on his lifestyle and poetry. Cummings also disliked organization, but rather believed in allowing the mind to imagine (Thompson 4). He saw imagination as the greatest tool for writing and rarely threw out bad poems because he did not see the waste basket as his ally (Webster 4). He hard believed that with imagination anything was possible.... ...ury Poetry. New York Wiley-Blackwel, 2003.Thompson, William E. Intensity An Essential Element in e. e. cummings Aesthetic Theory and Practice. University of Windsor Review. 16.2 (Spring-Summer 1982) 18-33. Rpt. in Tw entieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 137. Detroit Gale, 2003. 18-33. Literature Resource Center. Gale. OLD TAPPAN game SCHOOL. 16 Mar. 2015..Webster, Michael. E. E. Cummings Romantic Ideology and Technique. Reading Visual Poetry After Futurism Marinetti, Apollinaire, Schwitters, Cummings. New York Peter Lang, 1995. 111-140. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 137. Detroit Gale, 2003. 111-140. Literature Resource Center. Gale. OLD TAPPAN HIGH SCHOOL. 16 Mar. 2015..

E.E. Cummings: The Birth of Modern Poetry Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The greatest poets are those with memories so great that they extend beyond their strongest experiences to their minutest observations of people and things far outside their own self-centeredness. This quote said by Stephen Spender depicts a great poet as someone who utilizes their away observations to increase their knowledge about people, nature, love, and life. Like a great poet, E.E. cummings employed his past experiences in his poetry and life. Known as one of the preeminent poets of the 20th century, E.E. Cummings poetry has received an array of both positive and negative criticism. Nonetheless, Cummingss poetry has inspired many poets and authors with his liberal views on love, nature, and religion along with his modern make-up style. Although many criticized his contemporary style, E.E. Cummings modernized the traditional views of love, nature, and religion in poetry by emphasizing his contemporary beliefs, while incorporating a uniquely modern writing style. As a s trong embolden of individualism, E.E. Cummings ignored biased critics throughout his career and developed a contemporary writing style. From the beginning of his career, Cummings emphasized imagination and individuality in his poetry. He believed that humans had the ability to think for themselves and imagine beyond what was rational (Kidder 7). In believing so, E.E. Cummings refused to take advice or criticism on his life style and poetry. Cummings also disliked organization, but rather believed in allowing the mind to imagine (Thompson 4). He saw imagination as the greatest tool for writing and rarely threw out bad poems because he did not see the waste basket as his ally (Webster 4). He firmly believed that with imagination anything was possible.... ...ury Poetry. New York Wiley-Blackwel, 2003.Thompson, William E. tawdriness An Essential Element in e. e. cummings Aesthetic Theory and Practice. University of Windsor Review. 16.2 (Spring-Summer 1982) 18-33. Rpt. in Twentieth-Ce ntury Literary Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 137. Detroit Gale, 2003. 18-33. Literature Resource Center. Gale. OLD TAPPAN HIGH SCHOOL. 16 Mar. 2015..Webster, Michael. E. E. Cummings Romantic ideology and Technique. Reading Visual Poetry After Futurism Marinetti, Apollinaire, Schwitters, Cummings. New York Peter Lang, 1995. 111-140. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 137. Detroit Gale, 2003. 111-140. Literature Resource Center. Gale. OLD TAPPAN HIGH SCHOOL. 16 Mar. 2015..

History of the Trumpet Essay

Trumpets are one of the oldest instruments. In ancient times, people used animal horns or shells deal a horn. It was premier(prenominal) used for signaling in ancient China (2000 BC), Egypt (1500 BC), and Scandinavia (1000 BC). It was long and had no valves. In Roman times, the saddle horn was played at military machine and civilian ceremonies.The first melodyal use of the hooter was in the late 1300s where it had acquired the folded shape similar to todays. In the 1500s, Nuremberg, Germany became the center of trumpet making. During that time, the first music for trumpets was written. In the late 1700s, the trumpet became a regular member of the orchestra.Short pieces of tubing called crooks were invented and used to lengthen or shorten the trumpet so it could play more notes. In the 17th to 18th century, trumpets were mostly in the key of D of C for courtly purposes and E tight or F in the military. The valve trumpet was invented in 1815, making crooks unnecessary.Today, tru mpets are usually played in orchestras, jazz bands, brass ensembles, popular music and bands. Different sized trumpets have different pitches and are used in different musical groups. Most trumpets in bands are in the key of B flat major. Historically, trumpets were used for many different things but music was not thought of until the late 1300s.Louis Armstrong , born in 1901 and died in 1971, was a trumpet player. He was one of the most famous and influential trumpet player in Jazz history. Many people thought he was the greatest jazz cornet and trumpet player in the world. He was born in New Orleans and he learned to play the trumpet while serving a sentence for delinquency in the Home for Coloured Waifs.Dizzy Gillespie, born in 1917 and died in 1993, was also a trumpet player. He was an American trumpet player, composer, and band leader. Dizzy Gillespies real name is John Birks Gillespie. He was born in Cheraw, South Carolina. Dizzy co founded the bebop jazz movement with Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk.I have chosen a recording to listen to, from a CD called Trumpets in Modern Jazz. It is called Kush and the performing artist is Dizzy Gillespie. I chose this recording because I knew Dizzy Gillespie was famous and I wanted to hear how he played the trumpet and to see if he truly is as good as everyone says.Trumpets may be loud and annoying sometimes but they have survived through the years so work trumpets with respect and it might let out the best music in the world.

Gender Roles in North and South

Tierney Deggelman Morrissey Engl 209 October 1, 2012 Gender Roles in North and S turn outh It is no rage that the novel North and South is one that frequently employs the literary style of placing two entities in juxtaposition as the very title coincides with the idea of comparison. Similarly, the chapter headings a lot mirror this literary style Masters and Men, Likes and Dislikes, Roses and Thorns. The most signifi hypocrisy of these comparisons is masculinity and femininity.Through the development of the novels female heroine Margaret Hale and through John Thorntons perspectives of her, Emily Gaskell is in mettle taking a stand against gender stereotypes and highlighting the underestimated value of female em precedentment in Victorian society. Throughout the novel Margaret Hale proves herself to be a strong, outspoken, capable and irrepressible spirit. These descriptions of Margaret however were more than likely to be attributed to men in this time, as they were viewed as the superior gender. Gaskell describes Margaret as full of a balmy feminine defiance, always giving strangers the impression of haughtiness (58).In attempts to draw attention to the fact that Margaret is out of the ordinary with a personality unlike most women of her time, Gaskell incorporates Mr. Thorntons first impressions of her as well. He almost said to himself he did not like her, before their conversation ended he tried so to square up himself for the mortified feeling, that while he looked upon her with an admiration he could not repress (59). This passage is significant because it shows the discontent Thornton feels due to Margarets reluctance to conform to stereotypes of femininity.However, eventide with feelings of discontent, Thornton looks at her with admiration showing he cannot help but be captivated with her strong-minded manner. Perhaps this is Gaskells way of showing us that if prisonbreak gender stereotypes can be admired by a high class powerful man such as Thorn ton, then why cant it be admired by society as a whole? Another instance where Margaret demonstrates her unusual strength is in regards to her mothers illness. When she finds out her mother is dying she decides to keep it from her father as she says, He will not bear it as I can (119).The instant she convinces the doctor to die the severity of her mothers illness marks the moment she takes on the role of authoritative figure in her family. The authoritative position in a family would again commonly belong to a man but Margaret claims her father could not handle it and that she will have to step forward. Margarets strength through her mothers illness, taking power over her father is yet another componentistic of hers thats advocates female empowerment. This is reinstated in the actual event of her mothers death. Her eyes were continually blind by tears, but she had no time to give way to regular crying. The father and brother depended upon her while they were giving way to grief, she must be working, planning, considering (230). This quote depicts Margaret acting as backbone for the family. She has allowed her family members to look to her for stability, which is extremely rare in a time where women were viewed as delicate. The most memorable demonstration of Margarets character is in the event of the strike when she comes outside of the Thornton household and steps in front of John Thornton.Margaret puts herself in a spot of grave danger in between Mr. Thornton and the strikers who are described as beastly, animalistic creatures who have lost all traces of their previous humanity. The stepping in front of Mr. Thornton symbolizes the crossing of his masculinity. In essence she is stating herself more masculine than Thornton by doing so. The irony of this situation is as she is preceding his masculinity, the very thing she banks on not getting hurt is gender. She thinks that as a woman she will not be subjected to any violence delivered by man.Margarets att itude toward her mothers death and her approach to confronting the strikers shows her strong and brave character. such character that contradicts the social norms of gender roles is attributed to the female protagonist in attempts to convey the authors values of female empowerment. The fact that Mr. Thornton is not oppressive toward women sooner attracted to Margarets challenging nature marks Gaskells attempt at getting readers to believe that women can be just as strong as their male complements despite what society says.

How Actors Contribute to Film Essay

The very goal and essence of acting is to represent a certain purpose or figure and portray his or her ideas and personality. The goal of acting is to be another person entirely and play their character and their life as if they were your own. It is a beautiful art form and its target is to misrepresent the writers characters and story come to life. The skills, dexterity and prowess claimed in order to bring through such goals are, certainly, determination, as needed in the hearts of all people who are striving to achieve their dreams.It whitethorn not be considered as a skill but it is truly and absolutely a mandatory quality in every dreamy person. One to a fault needs creativity and singularity in order to make the hires dramatis personae come to life and be a real living and breathing person in the look of the audience. Also, for the role of the impostor to come alive, the pretender would need to be in possession of a strong power of influence and, in a way, overlook a nd manipulation for the reason that their acting needs to be fantastically believable and have a sense and aura of reality.This quality of believability will gleam the audience and will cause a conflict in his or her mind, which would be sinking into the fantasy of the film and holding onto the reality of the world. You will need to be extremely professional and comfortable in front of the camera in order to lose the audience in the story and delineate. These are plainly some of the many skills you will need in order to perform with beautiful finesse and accomplish the very purpose of acting.An actor who executes his job well, dispatch with panache, professionalism, believability, creativity, humility to accept the spoken language of fellow actors or the director himself, and so much more are marks of good actors. They have to attain the goals of an actor and they have to go to sleep how to get into complete character. They have to know how to improve on themselves and make it their objective to reach out to their audience and convey their sense and influence them to their advantage. As the audience, I would know good acting if I truly witness and believe in the words and actions of the actor.On the other hand, a bad actor is, naturally, the opposite. He is not professional in what he does and does not communicate enough feeling through his acting. The audience would not feel any passion from the actor and the actor does not achieve the exact impact he expected from the audience. The director is the individual who confronts the actors wrongdoings, suggests limited improvements, helps the actor understand his role and he is the one who directs the flow of the film, itself. He is a very vital part of the film industry.Since he knows the story and the cast very well, the directors influence on an actors performance is crucial. The director has to know how to take charge and should know what to expect of his actors. He has to be a good communicator becaus e if the actor misunderstands his words, it will absolutely affect the film development process. The actor should know how to follow his director but at the same times, they should have the respect due each other and the actor should know when he should speak up about certain topics.He should also regard the director as his mentor and so I believe the directors influence may deeply affect the performance of the actor and the directors words will surely be embedded in his mind. Since he is one of he heads of the film development process, the actor would know that the director knows best and so the effect and impact of the words of the director will affect the performance of an actor. Negative or negatively said words may offend the actor or it may even be taken constructively. Positive or even positively said negative words, may affect the actor more successfully because it will raise the actors confidence.Directors, though, should not control the every movement of an actor because h e should entrust a space for creative freedom, which actors are definitely entitled to. Actors should have creative freedom so that it will practice the mind of the actor to fetch more creative, original and spontaneous ideas. Also, in order to make their own individual mark on the film and they will, somehow, feel more accredited for the film because they have contributed their own approaches in their acting. This will also help the director and ease his burdens of continuously managing the actors movements.Creative freedom is essential. But, it should not be used abusively liberal. The actor should give space for the directors words as the director gave space for the actors creative freedom. Te film industry makes stories in order to influence or inspire their audience, let them enjoy books or lives of people in a more active and different light and perspective, make them laugh, smile, inspirit or galvanize them, even for simply a moment. They could even be making these films be cause it is their most efficient or only outlet of their emotions.There are many reasons for creating films and creating stories because people have different minds and have different ways of thinking. We watch such films because we, as humans, are inclined to become very curious and become interested in many things. We may also sometimes, subconsciously, yearn for a better life and so we watch the movies that portray those with better lives that we want, movies with people with worse lives that will make us appreciate our present life or even some manakin of nonsensical farce or slapstick comedy and that will make us laugh and lift our spirits.We also, may have different reasons of watching films that snip from just wanting to have a get-together with friends or it is your way of cheering yourself up. Films are a very big part of our worlds finish because they can poison your mind and offend people or it can also make you laugh, inspire others and change people for the better an d make you make a change and a difference.

Cultural Practices that Affect Health Essay

The Community Health Nurse (CHN), an individual who works outside of the hospital setting and typically with a specific community to provide basic wellness care systems (All Nursing Schools, 2009) can be perceived as the bridge to address the tornado between western medicine and pagan traditions. In cases when cultural practices cause physical harm and health risks, the CHN can be the tool to provide breeding and educate individuals to inform them of the tangible health risks and often permanent damages caused by such practices. What is also important to acknowledge is that in that respect is an imminent health risk that needs to be addressed.According to Megan Costello (2004), in an article about female person person circumcision, sometimes making a practice illegal does not march as a good enough deterrent. Costello (2004) explains that what people need is more information to examine the health risks and the unwarranted, in terms of perceived health benefit, practice. In Nor th African countries, an average of 94 percent of women are subjected to female circumcision (Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2008). In the United States there are an estimated 228,000 girls and women at risk of female circumcision (Brigham and Womens Hospital, 2008).The CHN through community agencies or organizations can work to create care systems that go away facilitate the dissemination of information. The CHN can effect policy assortment that will bring health care to the disadvantage populations or minority groups, such as refugees, who may have little understanding of western health care systems. Essentially, to address the gap between large health care institution and individual members of small communities, the CHN has the task of developing a system that will inform members of these groups of the serious harm caused by their practices.Similarly, the CHN through the same system can protect the young adults often subjected to these traditional practices. In the case of female circumcision, Bien Aime of Equality Now (quoted in Costello, 2004) says, people need education. We need people on the ground who have access to girls and young women at risk, to help them understand that not only is this procedure against the law, but also that there are harmful effects. As more and more cultures and ethnic backgrounds are assimilated through migration activities there is a need to provide health care that is culturally competent.The CHN becomes integral in the task of providing adequate care to all individuals with equity regardless of cultural or ethnic backgrounds through a sensitive approach. In cases where the cultural practice causes permanent injuries and prolonged negative complications to health the CHN can contribute to ever-changing these practices. References All Nursing Schools. (2009). Become a Community Health Nurse. All Nursing Schools. Retrieved display 7, 2009, from http//www. allnursingschools.com/faqs/community-health-nurse. php Brigham and W omens Hospital. (2008). African Womens Health Center. Brigham and Womens Hospital. Retrieved March 7, 2009 from http//www. brighamandwomens. org/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence. aspx and http//www. brighamandwomens. org/africanwomenscenter/education. aspx? subID=submenu4 Costello, A. (2004, February 19). Two in U. S. Accused of Genital Mutilation. Womens E News. Retrieved March 7, 2009 from http//www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/1718

License Plate Recognition

Emerging Trends in data processor Science and Information Technology -2012(ETCSIT2012) proceeding published in internationalist Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA) Automatic Vehicle Identification Using License abode Recognition for Indian Vehicles Sandra Sivanandan Department of Computer engineering K. K. Wagh Institute Of Engineering Education & Research, Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari Amrut-Dham, Panchavati, Nashik-422003 University of Pune, Maharashtra Ashwini Dhanait Department of Computer Engineering K. K.Wagh Institute Of Engineering Education & Research, Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari Amrut-Dham, Panchavati, Nashik-422003 University of Pune, Maharashtra Yogita Dhepale Department of Computer Engineering K. K. Wagh Institute Of Engineering Education & Research, Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari Amrut-Dham, Panchavati, Nashik-422003. Yasmin Saiyyad Department of Computer Engineering K. K. Wagh Institute Of Engineering Education & Research, Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari Amrut-Dham, Panc havati, Nashik-422003. ABSTRACT In this study, a smart and simple algorithm is presented for vehicles license scale recognition strategy.The proposed algorithm consists of three major parts Extraction of weighing machine region, segmentation of characters and recognition of surface characters. For extracting the plate region butt against undercover work and morphological operations argon used. In segmentation part scan line algorithm is used. quotation Segmentation for Devanagari Number Plates is also presented. visual character recognition technique is used for the character recognition. The objective is to design an efficient automatic authorized vehicle identification system by victimization the vehicle subprogram plate.Here we are presenting a smart and simple algorithm for vehicles license plate recognition system for Indian Vehicles. In this study, the proposed algorithm is base on extraction of plate region, segmentation of plate characters and recognition of charac ters. In India we find plates having Devanagari fonts as well (though tally to rules it is not allowed). Character extraction for Devanagari font is slightly different as compared to English font because of the header line (shirorekha). We propose algorithm for character extraction for Devanagari font. The recognized plate an be then compared with police hotlist database to localise stolen vehicles. The paper is organized as follows role II provides an overview of the overall system. Extracting the plate region is explained in Section III. Section IV gives the segmentation of several(prenominal) plate characters. Section V deals with recognition of characters using optical character recognition based on statistical based template matching algorithm which uses correlation and section VI deals with verification of plate according to Indian rules. The paper concludes with Section VII. KeywordsDevanagari, Edge detection, License plate recognition, Optical character recognition, segm entation. 1. INTRODUCTION License plate recognition (LPR) is a form of Automatic Vehicle Identification. It is an exposure processing technology used to identify vehicles by only their license plates. Real time LPR plays a major role in automatic monitoring of traffic rules and maintaining law enforcement on earthly concern roads. The LPR systems significant advantage is that the system can keep an name record of the vehicle which is useful in order to fight shame and fraud (an persona is worth a thousand words).Early LPR systems suffered from a low recognition rate, lower than required by practical systems. The external do (sun and headlights, bad plates, wide number of plate types) and the limited level of the recognition software system and vision hardware yielded low quality systems. However, recent improvements in the software and hardware have made the LPR systems much more reliable and wide spread. 23 Emerging Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology -2012 (ETCSIT2012) proceeding published in International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA) in night condition, contrast sweetening is important before further processing 1. . STRUCTURE OF LPR brass Fig. 1) Original Image Fig. 2) Gray Scale Image Flowchart of Proposed System The algorithm proposed in this paper is designed to recognize license plates of vehicles automatically. Input of the system is the hear of a vehicle captured by a camera. The captured scope taken from 3-5 meters away is first converted to gray scale. We apply vertical edge detection algorithm and morphological operation i. e. open and close for plate extraction. After applying morphological operations image is filtered out to get exact plate region. Plate region is cropped.Row segmentation separates row in plate and column separation separates characters from row. Finally recognition part OCR recognizes the characters giving the result as the plate number in ASCII format. The result in ASCII format is can be verified on the basis of rules followed in India. Fig. 3) Gray image aft(prenominal) contrast enhancement 3. 2 steep Edge Detection Before applying edge detection normal filter is to be applied to image for removing noise. The main idea of median filter is to run through the signal, entry by entry, replacing each entry with the median of neighboring entries.Such noise reduction is a typical preprocessing footfall to improve the results of later processing (edge detection) 2. 3. EXTRACTION OF PLATE REGION Plate Extraction is done in following steps 3. 1 Convert image to Gray Scale 3. 2 Apply Vertical Edge detection 3. 3 Candidate Plate Area Detection ? Morphologically Close image ? Fill holes in image ? Morphologically Open image 3. 3 Filtration of non Plate region 3. 1 Conversion To Gray Scale This is pre-processing step for plate extraction. We apply Formula I( i, j) = 0. 114*A( i, j,1) + 0. 587*A(i, j, 2) + 0. 99* A(i, j,3) where, I(i,j) is the array of gray image, A(i,j,1), A (i,j,2), A(i,j,3) are the R,G,B value of original image respectively. Sometimes the image may be too dark, collar blur, on that pointby making the task of extracting the license plate difficult. In order to recognize the license plate even In ascending order of set 0, 2, 3, 3, 4, 6, 10, 15, 97. Center value (previously 97) is replaced by the median of all nine values (4). Edge detection is performed on the given image, which aims at identifying points in digital image at which image brightness changes sharply or, more formally, has discontinuities.There mainly exists several edge detection methods (Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, Canny). We use here Sobel operator for vertical edge detection. If we check A as the source image, and Gx and Gy are two images which at each point contain the horizontal and vertical derivative approximations, the computations are as follows 24 Emerging Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology -2012(ETCSIT2012) Proceedings published in Internatio nal Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA) Where * is 2D convolution operation. Fig. 5) unsympathetic Image Fig. 4) Sobel Vertical Edge detection Fig. 6) Filled Image 3. Candidate Plate Area Detection A morphological operator is applied to the image for specifying the plate location. We build a morphological operator that is sensitive to a specific shape in the input image. In our system rectangular nook is employed as a structural segment to detect the car plates. In mathematical morphology structuring part are represented as matrices. Structuring element is a characteristic of certain structure and features to measure the shape of an image and is used to carry out other image processing operations 4. regular(prenominal) rectangular structuring element is shown in figure. Fig. ) Opened Image 3. 4 Filtration Of Non Plate Region After identify the ROI, image is then filtered using following filtering techniques. basic find the connected components in image. The first technique involves removing of all white patches which has more or less area than the threshold. For instance components having area 2000 or 20000 are deceased. Using Bounding Box method, draw Bounding Box around components and fill the image. According to the teetotum values, for instance, only the objects with a height greater than Tmin_h and less than Tmax_h are retained, and eliminate the other objects.After that, if the width values of the retained objects are greater than Tmin_w and less than Tmax_w, the objects are retained otherwise, the objects are removed, and so on. Where Tmin_h Minimum height of the object. Tmax_h Maximum height of the object. Tmin_w Minimum width of the object. Tmax_w Maximum width of the object 6. After filtering plate region is cropped by searching for the first and last white pixels starting from apex left corner of an image. Plate is cropped from original image after getting coordinates. Using two basic operation of morphology (erosion and dilation), opening and closing of image is done.The opening of A by B is obtained by the erosion of A by B, followed by dilation of the resulting image by B. The closing of A by B is obtained by the dilation of A by B, followed by erosion of the resulting structure by B. For closing image 10*20 rectangular structuring element is used. After closing image we have to fill the holes in this image. A hole is a set of background pixels that cannot be reached by filling in the background from the edge of the image 3. Then image is opened using 5*10 rectangular structural element. Values are determined according to the size of the image.Here we have used 1280X980 resolution images. 25 Emerging Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology -2012(ETCSIT2012) Proceedings published in International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA) 4. SEGMENTATION OF PLATE CHARACTERS Before applying the OCR, the individual lines in the text are separated using line separation process and individual charact ers from separated lines. Steps for Character Segmentation 4. 1 Binarization of Plate image 4. 2 Scan Line Algorithm for row segmentation 4. 3 Vertical Projection for column segmentationFig 6) Filtered Image on basis of area Fig. 7) Bounding Box and filled image 4. 1 Binarization Of Plate Image Binarize the plate image. Threshold for binarization must(prenominal) be such that characters are displayed well. For that we take average of all pixel values in plate image and calculate threshold. Fig. 10) Binarized image Fig. 8) Image after filtration on basis of height &width of objects 4. 2 Scan Line Algorithm The scan line algorithm is based on the feature that there is variation from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1 transition in character region in a binary image.Thus the total number of transition in character region is more than the total number of transition in other region. There are at least seven characters in license plate region and every character has more than two Jumps7. We can choose t welve as the threshold value. If the total number of transitions in a certain line is greater than twelve, this line may be in character region. Otherwise, it is not in character region. Algorithm 1) Let H be height and W be Width of Plate image. 2) for(i=H/2 to 0) Count no of transitions ie 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 in cnt if cnt

The Contemporary International System

The Contemporary International System The structure of the contemporary supranational system involves many different factors that work how the world operates today. The international system is defined as the study of the interactions among the various actors that participate in international politics, including asserts, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, sub-national entities, and individuals. The study of international relations aims to measure out how countries interact at bottom the political and social international system.Factors such as, technological change, shifts of national ability and various changes in the environment influence todays system and how we live on a day-to-day basis. History is another factor that must be recognized in the shaping of the world system. Events that occurred in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries gift a great impact today, as we are able to make future projections based on diachronic trends. The accomplishme nt and structure of the international system involves various social and political factors that shape the world we live in today.The shaping of the contemporary system was achieved through the plan of globalization. This idea is often referred to as the shrinkage of the world and has been made possible through the advancement in modern applied science. Globalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through an international network of political ideas. Today, a nations technological capability is the main indicator of its power. engineering directly affects a nations economic growth though innovation.This growth then allows that country to produce military weapons for protection and could potentially pass on off the balance of power between states. Technology and innovation can also determine a nations trade capacity, which can doctor the amount a country can import and export. A nation with great trade capabilities will ex perience international financial flows into their country, thus excite economic growth. Technology provides a framework for both the relative and absolute power between states and greatly impacts the structure of the international system.For example, if we evaluate the correlation of power and technology throughout history, we see that the United States and Germany experienced dramatic changes in their global position following the second industrial revolution, just as great(p) Britain had following the for the first time industrial revolution. These powers have since failed to maintain their place at the forefront of technological innovation, and have faded from the international scene. Countries like Japan have been very technologically advanced for the last 50 years and have moved to the forefront of the international scene.The global scene that was once dominated by the United States, may have a new power due to Japans vast technological and innovative capabilities. Businesse s have also globalized, as they are now able to interact with companies overseas with the click of a neverthelesston. Since travel has become easy businesses are now able to meet panorama to face with their international partners on a regular basis. There are proper customs that people must follow when engaging in contrasted business practices. For example, the exchange of business cards is a formal practice in countries like China and Japan.Foreign business associates may see it as a sign of disrespect if one is not educated on the proper customs of that country. The structure and operation of the international system is also influenced by the behaviors of the actors within that system. For centuries, the idea of the state was centered upon the idea of inclusion and exclusion. This idea became the centerpiece of national politics for centuries and is a major reason for conflicts within the system. After the cut Revolution these states were formed on the three ideologies of real ism, liberalism, and idealism.Karen Mingst and Jack Snyder define these ideologies and explain the assumptions behind the weaknesses that conduct to misguided policies. Realism instills an appreciation of the role of power but warns that states will suffer if they overreach. The cooperation among states is a way to maximize each individual states security and often calls for backing during times of conflict. World state of war II resembles a realist idea as each state was drawn to fight to maximize its own security. Liberalism identifies the potential for democracies, but also notes that democracies can lead to tyrannies and the threat of a violent collapse.This arose after World War I in response to the inability to control and limit war within the international system. Lastly, Idealism stresses that a states values must reinforce any stable political order but recognizes that there is also a potential for conflict. Together these three perspectives form the core of the contempor ary international system. In order to fully understand the contemporary international system, we must first understand the historical trends in the state and international system.International Relations can be traced back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 where the modern state system was developed. This instituted the theory of sovereignty, which is defined as absolute and perpetual power invested in a commonwealth. This power does not exist in an individual, but in a state. In this, the leaders are limited by divine law and are subject to the laws of God and nature. This belief is still held today and believers attribute the legitimacy of the state to the consent of the people. After all, the people are the fundamental the source of all political power.In conclusion, the contemporary international system was shaped on the basis of globalization, the behaviors of the actors within the international system, and the evaluation of historical patterns. The world is constantly changi ng and evolving toward a more connected population. The widespread use of social media and continued advances in technology allow the population to connect with each other as if they were sitting in the same room. As we move toward this new era, we must identify these historical patterns in order to further improve our future international relations.

Character breakdown

Set at a fictional university, all the characters reside in a companionship sponsored house within the trammel of university grounds. All the characters are an attempt to break stereotypes, and come from regularly viewed backgrounds found in American society.Marcus PullmanSenior, African-American middle-class from New York.Marcus Pullman is not a tip athlete, or the campus drug dealer. He is as about as intermediate as they come, with a good GPA, an interest in football and baseball, but an unconstipated stronger interest in environmental issues and obtaining a degree in political science. He is one of many American families from the middle-income band, with a father who is a NY fire-eater and a mother who works as a legal assistant at a law firm.Marcus is single out of a small statistic, an alarming statistic of overall African-American males in universities in America. According to an article in 2004, today, black men make up 41 percent of the inmates in federal state, and local prison, but black men are only 4 percent of all students in American institutions of higher education (Maxwell). It has to be said, however, that circumstance is everything, and whilst Marcus is part of a 4% statistic, he is also one of 17% of blacks age 25 and older who had a bachelors degree or more than in 2005 (US numerate, 2007).Marcus has been in the fraternity since his Freshman year and is seen as a figurehead of the house.Simon LiAmerican-Asian, Freshman, music student from Louisiana.It isnt unusual for t present to be a diverse ethnicity in fraternities, but it is also been cited as something as irregular. According to some fraternity members, this comes down to simply just a egress of comfort. Minorities outweart rush because they are intimidated by the stereotypically white Hellenic system, Ngan said. On the other hand, a lot of minorities do rush, they are just more cozy hanging out with people of the same ethnic background.(Brubaker, 2000).Simon Li is a Rus hee and a freshman music student from Louisiana. He is a second genesis American-Asian, with roots in China. According to the census bureau, Louisiana has a registered American-Asian population of 1.4% (2005) with 2.5% of firms owned by Asians in the state. Simon Lis parents own and operate a chain of successful auto-part stores and postal code related to restaurants or grocery stores, as is often the stereotype. Having grown-up in Louisiana, Simon has a soft spot for anything Cajun, as well as an interest in music from country to bluegrass. His predominant interests do not lie with traditions, but with incorporating grassroot sounds with techno, or club music.Dermot Ozzie SullivanAustralian, Sophomore, medical student.International students continue to even out a large percentage of undergraduates at American universities. According to Hahn-Koenig, within Philadelphia, more than 11,000 are enrolled in the city alone, with thousands more discovering elsewhere in Pennsylvania (2 007). Whilst the Australian university system is considerably good, Dermot has come to America to broaden his horizons. His family is part of the wealthy upper-class in Australia, which avails him the high tuition fees and ability to concord for a student visa. Despite Australia being a part of the Visa Waiver Program, Dermot would have had to apply for a F-1 visa in order to study in America (State Dept, 2007). Dermot is an easy-going guy who is hard-working but also knows how to enjoy life. He appears to be a well-liked sort on-campus. overlord HensonSophomore, member of a neo-nazi group.The antagonist of the characters. success is a Caucasian American from a poor background in middle America. He has not known his father, and his mother continues to struggle to make ends advert and keeping a family. His family are like many who should have seen better times after Clintons welfare reforms, but still suffer from pauperisation conditions.The Anti-Defamation League have cited a 12 % decline in anti-Semitic activities, in recent surveys, however it is disturbing that there are still an average of about four anti-Semitic attacks per day in America (ADL, 2007). master indulges in many on-campus parties, and unsurprising is his overindulgence in alcohol. He is the student who is severe to fit in, and is a Rushee of the fraternity.SCRIPTScene Outside the campus library. It is a noticeably Fall day, and overcast.Marcus (leaving the library) Hey, Ozzie Hows it going?Ozzie (seated on the stairs of the library) Gudday, Marcus. yeah, salright, I reckon. persists a bit foul, eh?Marcus (looks up briefly, smiles) Definitely going to rain. Hey, you seen that new rushee? Uh, passe-partout I think his name is.Ozzie Yeah, yeah, I have. Saw him last night. Was beat something nasty, I tell ya. Looked real green in the bushes (laughs)Marcus Drunk?Ozzie Aw, totally smashed, mate.Marcus Hm, well Freshman, I suppose. But, listen, you think you can have a talk with him? run i nto what he wants from joining a fraternity, and if hed fit in. (slaps Ozzie on the arm with a book) Be a spy, eh?Ozzie Yeah, yeah. Sure. Check ya later, eh?Marcus and Ozzie part ways.Scene flip Ozzie is in the frat house with Simon, who is plugged in to a laptop and appears to be listening to music. Ozzie throws a screwed up paper ball at him.Simon (loudly) What?Ozzie demonstrates to select the earphones, and Simon does.Simon (normal volume) What?Ozzie Ya seen that new kid? Victor?Simon Yeah, he was looking a little rough in the kitchen. Told him to clean the dishes for us.Ozzie Smooth move, mate, smooth move. Hey, what ya think of him?Simon Meh, hes okay, I guess. He doesnt say much to me.Ozzie Hm, fair enough. Ill go talk to him. Marcus wants the scoop on him, see if hell fit.Simon nods and plugs back into his laptop.Ozzie goes to the kitchen where Victor is struggling in removing a pair of rubber gloves from his hands.Ozzie Hey mate, lemme give ya a hand. Hah get it.Victor Ye ah, I got it.Ozzie Jeez, no humor, eh?Victor Sorry, still hungover a bit.. and (voice trails off)Ozzie Whats up? Feelin a bit crock still?Victor Huh?Ozzie Ill. The hangoverVictor Nah, not the hangover. Just hey, I can talk to you right, yeah?Ozzie Sure, mate. Were all brothers. Or, well.. you might be, eh? (smiles)Victor Yeah, I guess.. well.. I dont know. Seems really wellOzzie What?Victor Well, why are they in charge here?Ozzie Who ya mean? The seniors?Victor Nah.. well yeah.. but nevermind.Ozzie Something bothering you, you know you can tell me. Or Marcus even, mate.Victor (sneers) I dont think so.Ozzie What? Marcus? Nah, hes cool, mate. Dont need to worry about him. Hes a good egg.Victor Egg? Rotten, more like. His sort are nothing but trouble.Ozzie His sort? What Greenpeace Al Gore types? (laughs)Victor No his sort.Ozzie Dont get you mate you mean New Yorkers?Victor (laughs) Yeah New Yorkers. Whatever.Victor leaves, sees Simon still plugged in and shakes his head. Ozzie looks p erplexed and follows Victor out of the house.Ozzie Wait up. So, I dont get what you meant in there.Victor You want me say, for real?Ozzie Yeah, mate. For real.Victor I dont trust Marcus. His type are nothing but trouble, they take advantage of everything.Ozzie Wait, wait.. his type? Whats his type?Victor Black, man. I got to spell it out, or what? You fucking blind? Blacks are nothing but trouble.Ozzie Woah.. woah you cant be seriousVictor Yeah well maybe I am. Hes always getting up in my business.Ozzie Well you are trying to join the fraternityVictor Yeah, well screw it. I dont want to be a black mans brother, ya know.Ozzie Jesus well.. yeah, I dont think I want you around eitherMarcus walks up to them outside the house. Victor falls silent but stares at Marcus. Ozzie is stunned, but looks serious. Marcus notices the inquietude quickly.Marcus Everything alright?Victor (snorts) Yeah, man.Victor walks away, and Marcus looks at Ozzie questioningly.Marcus Ozzie? What happened?Ozzie I dunno mate I really dunno.References_. Lousiana State Quick Facts. Census Bureau.(available from http//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22000.html )_. New York City, Black History Month, 2007.Census Bureau Press Release, February, 2007.(available from http//www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/007862.html )_. Anti-Semitic Incidents in US. Press Release.Anti-Defamation League, 2007.(available http//www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4993-12.htm )_ . Student Visas.US State Department, Bureau of Consular Affairs.(Available from http//travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1268.html )Brubaker, C. Greek system concerned with diversityThe Cavalier Daily, April 5, 2000.(available http//www.cavalierdaily.com/CVArticle.asp?ID=3898&pid=564 )Hahn-Koenig, A. Coming to America.OneBigCampus.com 2007(available http//www.onebigcampus.com/article_comingtoamerica.htm )Maxwell, B. On campus, grim statistics for African-American men.St. Petersburg Times, Janu ary 4, 2004.(available from

Billie Holiday’s Cruel Life

To go steady the logical argument that Billie presented one must first go to the root or source of such controversy and examine Billies childhood. Billie was born Eleanora Harris to her father Clarence Holiday and mother Sadie Fagan who were just fifteen and thirteen years old, respectively, at the time (A 91). Born between 1912 and 1915 in Baltimore, the date unsure, Billie grew up without her father, who moved away early on in her smell.Billie and her mother used to fight a lot, when her mother was around. Much of the time Billie was left in the care of relatives or helpers, legion(predicate) of whom were unloving (E). Billies relationship with her family was in truth weak, as Billie throughout her life and life story never or rarely got family approval or recognition (W 13). The extent to which Billie did not get along with her family is evident as she was chastised for her grandmothers death at the age of six (E). The turmoil within Billies family was manifested when Billie commented later on in life that As far as Im Concerned, all the Fagans are dead (W 14). This made her family very mad and lead to their further abandonment of Billie. Aside from the superficial tension between Billie and her mother, they did their best to keep loyal to one another and provide for each other (W 201).As Billie grew old, life grew harder and reality belatedly became more and more real for her. At age 10, Billie was raped, further strengthening Billies image of reality. As Billie grew older she became carefree and grew to have a strong temper. One musician remembers Billie as a child, 11 or 12 years old, shouting the worst words she knew in the street, anxious to be grown up (W 35). And on the numerous occasions when Billies mother was out of town, she would be out having fun without any worries.Billie grew customary to using men to get money. Billie would pick up guys, pretending to be a hooker, and then she and her friend would jump him and take his money (W 28). She became a fast woman. She wanted fast money, fast life (W 26). Her life did become faster and faster as Billie was brought further down into the truths of the world when Billie became a prostitute. Billie ran errands for a bathhouse in Philadelphia and in 1927 moved to New York, where for the next three years she earned a victuals as a prostitute (E). These aspects of Billies life molded her attitude towards life in the future, and her future decisions and goals. These influences became her boundaries, her disposition, and in both(prenominal) cases, her limitations.Educationally, Billie was deprived. Never getting beyond the fifth grade, Billie was the victim of the educational restrictions that were imposed on many of those who dwelt in Black Ghettos (BB 67). As Billie grew older her education became a limitation. This womans talent and her looks, and yet in some ways she really had the mind of a 12-year-old (BB 67). This lack of education would haunt Billie later in her care er, a startling reminder of her childhood, and its definite shortcomings of providing safety, an education, and a moral base.Musically, Billie grew up listening to the blues, although it never really was her part of music. Billie loved listening to Jazz records as a child, early influences including Louis Armstrong. Eventually, Billie moved on to attempt a singing career. Inspired by her love of singing, she talked the manager of a club into letting her sing a few tunes with the house band- she made $57 in tips (E). In this way, Billie was motivated to become a singer, a decision that will prove not only to be beneficial to her, but also to be a risk factor that would threaten her health.

Assisted Suicide – Introduction

Introduction/Rationale No soulfulness is entitled to consent to have end inflicted on him, and such consent does non affect the turn responsibility of any person by whom death may be inflicted on the person by whom consent is given. , this is according to the Indiana enactment of Criminal Law and Procedure. In ancient days, assisted self-annihilation was frequently seen as a way to preserve peerlesss honor. For the past twenty-five years, on the another(prenominal) hand, the practice has been viewed as a response to the progress of modern medicine. New and often big-ticket(prenominal) medical technologies have been developed that prolong demeanor.However, the technologies also prolong the dying processes, leading some bulk to question whether modern medicine is forcing patients to live in unnecessary pain when there is no jeopardize they w chastisement be cured. Despite the changes in modern medicine, the attitudes toward assisted felo-de-se in Americas courts and legis latures have not altered intimately. Debate over assisted self-annihilation nearly always centers on the slippery slope argument. This argument holds that permitting unriv whollyed behavior will lead to a series of increasingly dangerous behaviors.Critics vie that if voluntary assisted felo-de-se is reasonedized for competent, terminally ill adults, the acceptance of involuntary mercy killing for incompetent, elderly, or uninsured people will follow. Assisted-suicide advocates contend that the slippery-slope argument is fallacious. They argue that legalizing assisted suicide would not place patients right to sprightliness at risk because America is founded on democratic values that would go out the rights of all citizens. Assisted Suicide is defined as an attempt to organize ones own life with the intentional assist of another person.It is a form of mercy killing in which a person wishes to commit suicide but feels unable to perform the act alone because of a physical di sability or privation of knowledge about the most marrowive means. An individual who assists a suicide victim in accomplishing that mark may or may not be held responsible for the death, depending on local rightfulnesss. The participation of health professionals, especially physicians, in assisted suicide is controversial. Nowadays, assisted suicide is sedate debatable if it will be legalized or not. However, in Philippines, since it is a religious country.Assisted suicide remains prohibited for no one can take onward ones life except God and it is clearly give tongue to in the Ten Commandments, Thou shall not kill. Assisted Suicide or Physician-assisted suicide has its proponents and its opponents. Among the opponents ar some physicians who believe it violates the fundamental principle of medicine and believe that doctors should not assist in suicides because to do so is incompatible with the doctors role as a healer. Physician-assisted suicide is often abbreviated PAS. It is called doctor-assisted suicide in the UK.The debate over whether assisted suicide should be legalized in the United Statesa nation considerably larger and more diverse than the Netherlandsis not likely to be heady in the near future. sight on both sides of the issue will undoubtedly pay close attention to developments in operating room, and by chance other put forwards, in an effort to bolster their side of the slippery-slope argument. Body some(prenominal) have argued that it would be worse, morally speaking, for health care professionals to engage in assisted suicide, than others because it would weaken the basic values of the health professions.Others argue that these values include providing break from suffering and that there are rarified times when death is the moreover means of achieving this goal. Germany actually accepts assisted suicide but is against euthanasia, largely because of the issue of patient control. If the patient is performing, the bodily process that leads to death it is more likely that this was a voluntary weft for the patient. Thus, there is less risk of abuse. Many people thought that assisted suicide and euthanasia is the same but the truth is these two equipment casualty are completely different from the other.The main difference amidst assisted suicide and euthanasia is that in assisted suicide the patient is in complete control of the process that leads to death because he/she is the person who performs the act of suicide. The other person simply helps for example, providing the means for carrying out the action. In the US, only the State of Oregon permits assisted suicide or physician-assisted suicide. The Oregon Death with Dignity Act allows terminally ill state residents to receive prescriptions for self-administered lethal medications from their physicians. It does not ermit euthanasia, in which a physician or other person right off administers a medication to a patient in order to end his or her life. The Oregon law allows adults with terminal diseases who are likely to die within 6 months to obtain lethal doses of drugs from their doctors. A relatively very small number of people sought lethal drugs under the law and even less people who actually used them. Many patients have said that what they want most is a choice about how their lives will end, a finger on the remote control, as it were. Like for instance, the case of Diane, one of the patients of Dr.Timothy Quill. She was diagnosed with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and she was under Dr. Quill for a period of 8 years. Dr. Quill informed her of the diagnosis, and of the feasible treatments. The series of treatments include multiple sessions of chemotherapy and bone gist transplant, accompanied by an array of ancillary treatments, in which the rate of survival is only 25% and it is very hard to find a bone marrow donor that will perfectly match her bone marrow type. Upon knowing, she rootd to control the time of her death a nd informed Dr.Quill so that she could avoid the loss of dignity and discomfort, which will proceed to her death. She called Dr. Quill for barbiturates plain for her insomnia. Dr. Quill gave her a prescription of the amount to take to make her sleep and the amount she will take to commit suicide. Few days after, Diane called her friends including Dr. Quill and say goodbye. Two days after Diane took away her life after they met. This is an amazing example of a case study of an assisted suicide, which really shows the difference between assisted-suicide from euthanasia. Analysis/Authors DiscussionApproaching the problem of suffering among the dying through the lense of assisted suicide is like looking through the wrong end of binoculars it narrows and distorts the view. My focus is in reducing the conditions that make assisted suicide seem an attractive alternative to patients facing the prospect of vivacious with an incurable illness and to society struggling to care for the dying. Success will not come with devising assisted suicide legal, but rather with making them unnecessary. According to Dr. Ira Byock, as a doctor, his fealty is to do everything possible and anything that is necessary to alleviate a persons suffering.In the very rare situations in which physical distress is extreme, it is always possible to provide comfort through sedation. I firmly agree with Dr. Byock for the main role of a doctor is to save life and to heal the sick not to kill or take away peoples lives. The difference between what Dr. Byock do from euthanasia is that palliative care does whatever is necessary to alleviate the suffering while euthanasia is focused on eliminating the sufferer. As a Catholic, being a tool to take away ones life is a mortal sin and assisted suicide was never accepted as a legal practice here in Philippines.But for me, I disagree in the practice of assisted suicide and it will always be wrong to help in taking away peoples lives no matter what the re ason it will be. Still assisted suicide remains debatable and still a lot of cases are still on-going. Conclusion Assisted suicide brings out some of the deepest feelings amongst homosexual beings. It is a hard decision that nobody wishes to take, and is the power over life and death. Is killing a terminally ill patient justifiable? Who determines the worth of ones life? God or valet de chambre? The answer to this question varies, as there are many points of view to this controversial issue.Thus, assisted suicide is a form of suicide, which involves a person other than the person taking his or her own life. And during which the other person assists in direct or indirect physical means in giving effect to the suicide or, in the event of a statutory definition, in a manner as restore out in that statute. The right to assisted suicide is a significant topic that concerns people all over the world. The debates go back and forth, about whether a dying patient has the right to die with assistance of a physician or other person. Some are against it because of religious and moral reasons.Others are for it because of their mercy and respect for the dying. Some physicians and Christians are also divided on the issue. They differ where they place the line that separates relief from dying and killing. Those among us, who think we would want assisted suicide if we were sick, should ask ourselves whether that is also what we would want for our lover, sister, brother, or small fry who was incurably ill. Would we want them to die quickly, so that they would not become a burden to us? If not, we get hold of to look deeply into what success would look like in this time of living we call dying.Recommendations I acclaim not to legalized assisted suicide for as a Christian, to help in taking away ones life is always a mistake. Since our role as a steward of the universe is to preserve our lives. We expect physicians to heal and preserve life, not to kill on request. I want to be able to trust my doctor to do what is best for me in every situation by not doing illegal stuffs like assisting suicide. Since, assisted suicide is a moral issue, I recommend that it has to be resolved on the basis of principles we use to deal with every other question about right and wrong, not a special case. Depression, when present, should be treated. I endorse that patients should be given sufficient time and charge to enable them to make sure their decision represents their deepest wishes. But at some point we have to decide whether patients are to be permitted to be the authors of their own destiny or not. The option of self deliverance should not be taken for granted for some might take advantage of it especially the mentally ill people who would grab the opportunity to decide when to end their lives.Bibliography http//medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/assisted+suicide http//www. duhaime. org/LegalDictionary/A/AssistedSuicide. aspx Criminal Code of Canada, Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, Chapter C-46 http//www. dyingwell. org http//www. pages. drexel. edu/cp28/euth1. htm http//www. oppapers. com/essays/Physician-Assisted-Suicide-Case-Study/38054 The Ethics of Assisted Death When Life Becomes a Burden too Hard to jump (Lima, OH CSS Publishing Co. , 1999). http//www. enotes. com/assisted-suicide-article

Is the generation gap myth or reality Essay

Its soundly known that new time demands new mode of thinking. New way of thinking demands new way of acting. New way of acting arouses misunderstanding on the part of older multiplication. People usually operate used to certain things and some dead small changes posterior frighten them. Thus, trying to avoid the prejudicious feeling of fear older people try to avoid new trends and spirits of the time. On the separate hand, youngsters are eager to introduce some desperately new and young-eyed decisions in order to gain a foothold. In other words, young people want to be creative, bright and want to place themselves on record.As a result, old traditions contradict with new trends and a problem of generation gap shapes up. For example, parents precise often try to protect their children from modern entertainments some forbid playing computer games, thinking that computers cant teach anything to their children, some prohibit wearing extravagant clothes and some prevent their infa nts from be concerts of rock stars, fearing that he can fall among evil companions. However, forbidden fruit is sweet. And the offsprings start doing everything on the sly. nevertheless when finally parents reckon it out they cant stop wondering why do their children check their affairs from them? The answer is as easy as ABC youngsters want to express themselves, they want to contribute the smell of powder, they want to love independence. On the contrary, the parents want to be sure that their precious offsprings are h wholenessst and sound. As a consequence, this leads to misunderstanding, quarrels and insults.Nowadays children start using computers very early. Tweens and teens are so fascinated by them that they spend hours and hours at their personalised computers or at computer clubs. The electronic universe replaces their contacts with friends and dominates their purport completely. obsession with computers brings intimately a mechanical, disillusioned mentality and inhibits their emotional development. The heads of youngsters are also being filled with raging pictures they have seen on TV. Children are very naive and impressionable. And no wonder that they are so self-asserting and arrogant inreal life. They are thrown into such a harsh world, especially if they pass in a city.These days a lot of parents think that they should be lenient with their children, they should let them find out about life for themselves, they should leave children to develop their own idea of right and wrong. But its a grave mistake. Parents should try to protect their children from possible bad influences and give them clear guidance about right and wrong.There is no way to predict how todays children will turn out. safekeeping faith in kids is necessary. They are not bad. They are optimistic. They expect to have a better life than their parents. And grown-ups if they are prepared to admit it could apprise a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not sinful. Enjoyment, is a principle you could apply to all aspects of life. It is not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure, to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the feed rather than in the past or future.Generation gap is the major reason today why parents and children are moving away from each other. As we all know, the environment has changed, so has the life expression and with that changes the mind of children. Todays generation doesnt like others interfering in any of their personal matters, they dont like parents ordering them, and if they try and tell them whats wrong for them, they misbehave with their parents. The movement arises that, what is the reason behind all this. It is the parents mistake or is it cause of the generation gap. Generation gap is fundamentally created by the people themselves. They dont talk to their children and share their own points of views with the childre n. The point is that the parents are yet so busy with their work and jobs that they dont have time for their family and their children. And they realize it when there has a huge distance between the kids and the parents.The point is if parents give their children some time from their busy schedule indeed there would be no such problem. Nevertheless the problem ofgeneration gap can be easily solved. Patience should be the key to the common ground between adults and youngsters. People of all ages moldiness become more tolerant and less selfish and must discuss their troubles in order to usurp misunderstanding. Its essential that parents give more freedom to their children so that they can express themselves. Whereas children should remember that freedom is not something to be over-indulged in. Its not difficult to achieve understanding if you are making movement to see a problem from a variety of angles. On the contrary, if you think that your standpoint is the only one true and you dont want to discuss and listen to other opinions, then the problem of generation gap will become a nightmare of your family.

Casualization and Its Effects in Kenya

impress of advertize Laws in Mitigating Effects of routineisation in Kenya Humphrey Mwangi HD333-BOI-1413/2009 Franklin Mutwiri HD333-BOI-1604/2009 Patrick Mutai HD333-BOI-0087/2009 John Warihe HD333-BOI-1268/2009 Susan Awuor HD333-BOI-1222/2009 Mary Mumira HD333-BOI-1246/2009 James Otunga HD333-BOI-1421/2009 Kevin Kariuki HD333-BOI-1249/2009Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology CBD Campus Presented to E. O. Achoch rook This athletic field explores and examines the actual impact of compass movement ordinance in mitigating the disturbing issue of day-after-dayisation of lap up in Kenya. The outgrowth in everydayisation in the plain is a subject of great controversy. Increasingly casual employees atomic flake 18 filling positions that ar permanent in nature.Behind employee vulnerability in the country is the high levels of un line of credit and get outant poverty. Poverty has bred a dangerous exe rationaliseion environment where m any desperate blo odline seekers in the travail force are willing to take any caper for survival purposes rather than dignity. This is a self-aggrandizing quarrel for trade unions in their pursuit to protect and advance histrions rights and foster decent work conditions.The study attempts to cover the following as per the terms of reference What exactly is casualisation of work, How wide spread is it in Kenya, What deflection has new provision in labor legislation made on casuals according to gender, occupation, status etc, How Labor Laws Have Affected Aspects Of occasional Workers rights, do labor laws affect the family of casual workers communities and local stakeholders such(prenominal) as trade union and NGOs and what are the views of employers in terms of impact of labor laws and casualisation of work and their standability.Keywords union of Kenyan Employers, Standard Employment Regulation Impact of Labor Laws in Mitigating Effects of casualisation in Kenya Collins Dictionary defines ca sualisation as altering of working practices so that unfluctuating workers are re-employed on a casual or fiddling-term basis. Casual example is as well referred in about literatures as doubtfulness a familiar term in manipulation (Burgess and Campbell 1998 Weller and Webber 2001 Hunter 2006).Precariousness is seen in terms of bundles of job characteristics to do with danger and poor quality of life. It is characterized with lack of restrictive protection and working time insecurity Casualisation of a custody is in that locationfore reduction in rise or part time employees and their fill-in with employees who are called in on an as-needed or casual basis. This can lop the employees working conditions by cut down the commitment from the employer to them, and giving the employer opportunities to control them by reducing their hours.Casual workers can be more vexed for employers to manage as they expect no guarantee of finding available employees at any time, scarce th ey soak up the advantage of however employing people when they wel coif the work for them An elastic approach to casualisation refer to non- threadbare and non-permanent date relationships such as temporary work, fixed term contracts, seasonal worker work and subcontracting or outsourcing. It is also essential to make a further distinction between casuals that are employed fearfulctly by the accompany or those that are supplied through outsourcing and subcontracting arrangements.Typically support services such as cleaning and supply and in more cases transportation and distri justion and security are subcontracted. correspond to Okougbo (2004) casualisation of work is characterized by necessary for piece of work which is super variable such as port work, farm work, farm migratory work and other jobs of unskilled intermittent nature. He further states that contract labor is a form of unbidden servitude for a stream of time. Labor and service contracts are terms used b y management to withdraw contract labor.Management some quantify refers to it as body shop or direct hire season other refer to contract labor as service providers. Neo-liberal market respiteructuring globally and in the land is the driving force behind the sharp increase in casualisation. Neo-liberalism seeks to de decide markets including the labor market to increase labor flexibility. In short, employers want the freedom to pay low wage, change the number of workers and how and when work is conducted therefrom this is casualisation.According to the example act (2007) If an employee works for a period or a number of perpetual working geezerhood which amount in the aggregate to the equivalent of non less than one month, or performs work which can not more or less be expected to be completed within a period, or a number of working days amounting in the aggregate to the equivalent of three months or more, then the contract of service of the casual employee shall be deemed to be one where wages are remunerative monthly and section 35 (1) (c) shall reserve to that contract of service.Labor Relations motion which prescribes that casual worker should be employed permanently after three months of continuous work besides which employees are sibyllic to be provided with medical and housing benefits. The Act also stipulate that an employee whose contract of service has been converted in accordance with subsection (1) (Employment Act, 2007) and who works continuously for twain months or more from the date of employment as a casual employee shall be entitled to such terms and conditions of service as he / she would have been entitled to chthonian this Act (Employment Act, 2007) had he not initially been employed as a casual employee.These include- Notice. Where the contract is to pay wages or salary periodically at intervals of or transcend one month, a contract is terminable by either party at the end of the period of twenty-eight days next following the giving of notice in writing Working hours. An employer shall regulate the working hours of each employee in accordance with the provisions of this Act and any other written law. remnant period. According to the employment Act subsection (1), an employee shall be entitled to at least one rest day in every(prenominal) period of seven days. Annual take leave. After every twelve straightforward months of service with his employer to not less than twenty-one working days of leave with full pay gestation period leave. A female employee shall be entitled to three months maternity leave with full pay. The female employee shall have the right to return to the job which she held immediately prior to her maternity leave or to a reasonably suitable job on terms and conditions not less favorable than those which would have applied had she not been on maternity leave.A male employer shall be entitled to two weeks paternity leave with full pay. Sick leave. After two consecutive months of service with his employer, an employee shall be entitled to sick leave of not less than seven days with full pay and thereafter to sick leave of seven days with half pay. Medical attention. Subject to subsection (2), an employer shall ensure the provision sufficient and of proper medicine for his employees during indisposition and if possible, medical attendance during serious illness. Service pay.The casual shall be entitled to service pay for every year worked, the terms of which shall be fixed. The wage bill in the private sector, a key driver of household consumption, is increasingly dipping as most employers opt for casual workers to cushion themselves against a harsh business environment. Despite stiff regulations introduced last year to protect casual workers from exploitation, thus making hiring of such employees expensive, politics statistics (GOK, 2006) show that casual employment grew by 13 per cent last year compared to a quintuple per cent growth in 2007.Compar atively, the levels of regular employment dipped 2. 9 per cent in 2008, reflecting employers orientation of hiring casuals during the period, says the 2009 Economic Survey (GOK 2009). Casual workers accounted for 32 per cent of total wage employment. As a result of this preference, the private sector wage bill grew by a measly 10 per cent, compared to a 14. 6 per cent rise in 2007. This is attri barelyed to increased use of casual laborers whose pay is usually lower than that of regular employees.The economy is also gradually sliding into a largely casual employment which could have dire implications in the already turbulent labor market,. This would reduce domestic consumption as households will have less to spend, thus reducing demand in the productive sectors and hampering poverty eradication. The Enactment of the Employment Act by Kenyan parliament roots for better protection of casual laborers by making it requisite for employers to remit statutory deductions to the National Social Security livestock (NSSF) and the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF).Previously, casual and contract workers who constitute the majority of Kenyan workforce and include house-helps, watchmen, matatu touts and building and construction workers did not qualify for most of the benefits that are available to permanent employees. on that point is also a bigger attempt of lay -offs for casual workers to escape the statutory contributions. The greatest impact that the new laws have had in the labor market is to push employers towards outsourcing the services of workers they would ordinarily employ as casuals to cut costs.This had negatively affected the job market in that companies cannot absorb more jobs and worse still, they have to cut their marketing and advertising budgets to cope. Casual employment remains the twopennyest way of engaging workers, especially so at these hard economic times when employers focus is on taming labor costs. But the flipside is that we migh t end up with lower revenues from income tax if the labor market was to be largely made up of casuals. The purchasing power for families will also reduce drastically.Hired on short-term contracts, casual workers strive to fulfill production quotas for long working hours chthonian poor working conditions and low wages, often without maternity or sick leave, housing and medical allowances. intimately of them are denied right to join trade unions and basic services like water turn some are victims of reported sexual harassment at the work place. They face stiff penalties for mistakes, work while sitting or standing for between eight and twelve hours periodic, with only a forty louver minute break in between, in order to beat the quota set by supervisors Kugler et al (2003).Their daily pay is between Sh120 and Sh160 but a percentage is deducted ostensibly for affable security or infirmary insurance contributions, which rarely benefit them (GOK, 2003). Casual labor market is perpet uated by lack of any permanent, on-going accessory between employer and worker (Ralph C. 1960). Where this condition exists and where entry of worker is easy due to low skill requirements and the absence seizure of institutional barriers, the labor market is likely to accumulate a chronic surplus of supply.The resultant highly competitive market is conducive to corrupt hiring practice and a wide variety of other social evils. Casual workers provide cover at short notice for the absence of permanent staff. Some whitethorn belong to an area pool of relief workers who are contracted when work becomes available. The key characteristics of a casual worker are They are offered work for a specific day or session only They have no right to be offered work beyond that day or session There is no regularity of work.It is characterized with lack of regulatory protection and working-time insecurity (Tham, 2007). In contrast to standard employment, theres little right to protection against unf air dismissal and no right to notice in case of dismissal (ODonnell, 2004). As a result casual tends to have even less employment security than fixed term employees since they can be dismissed with ease at almost any time. This greatly affects their financial proposition as they are not sure of their fate-they literally live a day at a time.Most dramatically, casual employment is exempted from almost all rights and benefits that have come to be attached to permanent contracts. These include such basic entitlements as annual leave, sick leave and payment for public holidays (Watson et al, 2003). The main attribute is a simple entitlement to wage enhanced in some cases by so called casual loading on the hourly rate of pay. Precariousness has several dimensions but ultimately two of which impact greatly on casual labor rights. These include Lack of regulatory protection Working-time insecurity Other critical dimensions may include low and irregular earnings and employment insecurity w hich statues are overwhelmingly silent on. Statutory regulations has played only a limited character in establishing a standard employment regulation (SER) through the provision of dynamic standards to support a platform of decent work (Cooney et al, 2006). However, it is a complicated and layered system leaving sizeable gaps as a result of poor coverage, poor enforcement and exemptions.The award system provides a large array of rights and entitlements for employees but these are generally confined to full time permanent (standard) employees (Campbell, 2004). These clauses permit casual employment under certain limitations and then specify that casual workers are exempted from most rights entitlements starting with employment protections such as rights to notice and compensation for dismissal. This lack of regulatory protection is not confined to non-standard work. It can also apply to parts of standard workforce where gaps in protection have been eroded.Standardized working time a rrangements are central to SER. Deviations from the norms c get downed on working hours involves irregular work hour both in number and timing overly short overly long These represent a much change in present period, drains employees, control over work and sponsoring increased working-time insecurity. Another central feature of casual employment is the ability of employers to determine the number and timing of hours and to alter these at short notice.Casuals appears here as easily available, easily deployed in workplace and then easily disposable (Walsh et al, 1999). Negotiation of working hours is commonly a rather fraught process in which workers are often reluctant to refuse shifts-even at short notice and even at inconvenient times-for fear of jeopardizing future offers (Pocock et al, 2004). According to Barone (2001) there do exists heterogeneous institutional arrangements that can provide employment protection the private market, labor legislation, collective bargaining a rrangements and contractual provisions.Some forms of de facto regulations are also likely to be adopted even in the absence of legislation simply because both workers and firms can derive advantages from long-term employment relations (OECD,1999). This is invariably averse to employment protection legislation which has of recent days been seen to shut its doors on plight of casuals (Kugler et al,2003). Employers opinion on casualisation can also be deduced from Federation of Kenyan Employers which is a registered umbrella body of employers in Kenya.FKE has duties such as to encourage the principle of sound industrial relations and observance of fair labor practices as well as to promote sound management practices amongst employers through training, research and consultancy services and adoption of take up practices. FKE was established in January 1969 in response to the activities of the then-Kenya Federation of Labor, which had unified the trade union movement into a single entity . The employers felt they needed an organization that could represent them on major social and economic issues. Since then, the Federation has gained considerable strength and power.It started as a body with only 161 employers today it represents about 3,000. On the spinous issue of casual labor, the group has few real answers. Since a large number of Kenyas industries are seasonal in nature, like agriculture, hotels, restaurants, plantations and other related businesses, it is very difficult to eliminate casual labor entirely. According to the employment act (2007) cap 35 (a) casual staff can be employed by a company if the contract will not exceed the three month agreement for casual staffing stipulated by the labor law.If there is to be a continuation of the person in the position beyond the three month agreement, the employer is expected to give a contract letter to the individual stipulating the terms of employment. hence FKE (2007) casualisation is rife in the country but mo st of the companies perpetuating the offence are not mainly its members, so this has limited what the organization can do about it. However, many employers argue that due to economic misadventure not only witnessed in Kenya but globally, they are forced to employ their workers as casuals because they will not afford to sustain themin the long run.Many companies usually have periods of booming and recessions in there businesses and such will determine employment of staff. Some industrial companies employ workers as casual for two months then they relieve them of their duties and hire new staffs. The treatment of casuals, says COTU Secretary-General, Francis Atwoli (2009), has haunted the trade union movement for many years and is a throwback to the colonial era when workers were classified as casual people. Atwoli believes the Kenyan labor movement could be strengthened if the casuals were allowed to unionize.To this end, COTU is now negotiating with the government to organize casua l workers regardless of their salaries. COTU also wants all casual workers to become eligible for the benefits that permanent workers get workers compensation, housing and pensions. The COTU secretary-general recently flayed FKE for advocating that the government should get more controls on wages. Atwoli sees such a move as an obstacle to expansion in industry. He argues that if workers are poorly paid, their purchasing power will remain low and they will not be able to afford manufactured goods.This will keep manufacturers from expanding and new jobs will remain an unfulfilled goal. Observers in business circles think investors view low wages with mixed emotions while some foreign investors project at low wages as a sure incriminates of maximizing profits, others see them as a sure way of reducing purchasing power in the market which could subsequently mean low sales. On the other hand, government economists argue that it is better to maintain low wages that the subject economy can support rather than high wages that will lead to high inflation.FKE argues that In raising minimum wages they are guided by certain factors like the ability of the economy, To sustain any level of minimum wages, FKE says, other factors come into play like the level of unemployment in the country as well as the ability of the small employers to pay. FKE believes that COTU has to be realistic in its approach to the all in all issue but FKE is studying COTUs demands. However, it should be noted all players i. e. the government, FKE and COTU concurs that unionizing casuals may be essential to guard the gains of all Kenyan workers.Low wages and limited benefits make casuals an attractive proposition for companies trying to cut costs. Discussion The exploding population will only exacerbate the situation as more and more workers enter a work market incapable of keeping pace with this growth. As the population growth continues to outgo the growth of jobs, employers will have increa sing leverage to demand concessions from both workers and their unions. Kenyas labor movement essential somehow address these issues if it is to continue to make progress on workers rights. ReferencesCampell, 1 (2004) Casual work and casaulisation how does Australia contrast? Labour and Industry, 15(2) 85-111. (2007) long working hours in Australia working-time regulation and employer Pressures Economic and Labour relation Review, 17(2) 37-68. (2008a) Australia institutional changes and workforce fragmentation, S. 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(2004) Only a casual how casual work Affects employees, households and communities in Australia, Discussion Paper, Adelaide Labour studies, university of Adelaide.Okougbo, E. 2004. strategic Issues on the Dynamics of Industrial Relations Theory and Practice. Lagos Wepoapo Enterprise. Weber, M. 1947. Protestant Ethics and Spirit of Gapitalism Tham, J-c (2007) Towards an understanding of standard employment relationships Under Australian labor law, Australian journal of labor law, 20(2) 123-58. Walsh , J. and Deery, s. (1999) understanding the peripheral device workforce evidence From the service sector, Human resource management Journal, 9(2) 50-63.