Gendered Behavior- Biologically Determined?

Men and Women are different- not necessary better or worse, but definitely different. They generally live different lifestyles, in different worlds, with different values and different rules. This is a fact that many are unwilling to admit. Unbelievable? – Just look at the evidence. Why do little girls generally play with dolls, while little boys with toy cars? Why is blue defined as a â€Å"masculine† color, while pink as a â€Å"feminine†? Where did all the gender-based stereotypes come from? Women are bad drivers, Men will never ask for directions. Women are too sensitive, Men are not sensitive enough. Women use toilets as social regions and â€Å"therapy† rooms, while men clearly only use the toilet for one purpose only. Think about it: Wouldn't people be instantly wary of the man who called out â€Å"Hey Jack, I'm going to the bathroom- you want to join me? † From the shallow questions- why are men and women generally different heights? -To the more innate queries- why until the 1960s did men and women play different roles -domination of males and suppression of women? , it inevitably traces down to one conclusion. Men and women are primarily diverse. The question is what is the reason for this? If one were to leave young girls and boys to develop on a deserted island with no organized society, no parents, would they still be as they are today? Thus poses the question: Is gendered behavior biologically determined? Extracts from pop-psychology books profess â€Å"The equality of men and women is a political or moral issue; the essential difference is a scientific one. † Those who disagree with the biological perspective of this issue claim equality between the sexes. However the matter is not whether they are equal, but whether they are identical, which may be what many are confused about. Even scientific studies have shown recently that that behavior between the genders is not only physically different, but also mentally different. The most basic and direct form of evidence available for this argument is that the brain structures differ between the two ‘species'. The three main areas of the brain (the Temporal lobe, the Corpus callosum, and the Anterior commissure) illustrate these dissimilarities. The Temporal lobe, which helps control hearing, memory and a person's sense of self and time, has proven men to have 10% fewer neurons in this area. The Corpus callosum, the main bridge between the left brain and the right which carries messages between the two, takes up less volume in a man's brain than in a women's, signifying that they may communicate less. Lastly, the Anterior commissure, which also plays a role in connecting the two brain hemisphere, is smaller in men's brains than in women's, even though men tend to have a bigger brain size. These facts alone should indicate that there are differences in men and women behavior. Brain scans, a fairly new technology has confirmed the differences in thinking between the two, and how they use their minds very differently when it comes to certain things. Scientist Sandra Whittleson verifies that for men, emotion is generally position to the right of the brain (meaning it can operate separately from other functions. Because of a man's smaller corpus callosum, emotion is less likely to operate concurrently with other functions. It is the opposite with women, as their emotion is spread widely along both hemispheres, showing that in their case, it can activate at the same time as other functions. Thus, a stereotype of the sensitivity conflict between the two sexes is proven. There are many other case studies from these scans which present a kernel of truth in other regular stereotypical beliefs. There is, of course, another â€Å"side to the story†. Society today, one many say, is very gender-based. These stereotypes may exist because people encourage them too. Wouldn't one agree that in today's world, there are certain things that are and are not considered appropriate? In order to be accepted, people must conform. There are certain norms for dressing, manner, interests and behavior for males and females. Even the stranger who proclaims â€Å"What a big, strong boy you are† or â€Å"What a pretty little girl you are† is subconsciously indicating to a small child ideally cherished behavior and characteristics. It is believed by some that social conditioning is likely to determine how one acts through development. Baby girls are dressed in pink and given Barbies to play with, while baby boys are given Action Men and Hot Wheels. Young girls are cuddled and touched, while young boys are patted on the back and told not to cry. In comparison to girls, boys are more encouraged to behave typically and strongly discouraged from engaging in cross-gendered behavior. Is this form of up-bring why men are being dubbed insensitive? Because they are too insecure to show their feminine side? Why is it that when someone is pregnant, the first question an outsider would pose is â€Å"Boy or Girl? How such a question has has become so automatic now, so spontaneous is to be wondered of. It is also true that many in our society find gender re-assignment difficult to accept- think about transsexuals. As much as it is tried; people find the concept of this hard to grasp. The truth is there are no two ways about it; Gendered behavior is not only biologically determined, but also environmentally determined. Faced with the nature/nurture argument once again, it is strongly believed that the two are inseparable, especially in this context. Although the more evidence found, the more people think that the difference is biological. However, no one can say it is purely so because no one knows for sure. Everything you do, every way you behave is determined by a mixture of the two. The reason may be biological, yet how much it is enhanced may be environmental, and vice versa. Understanding the identity of people can be complex, and as much as we want to, we will not be necessarily undergoing this breakthrough anytime soon.

How are women portrayed in Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible”? Essay

In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†, we are faced with an interesting psychological question: What would happen if the lowest social rank attained power? After all, in the time of the Salem witch trials, women suffered because of their low rank and were expected to submit themselves to men. However, instead of portraying strong female figures, which combat outdated beliefs of a woman’s duty, this play casts women as weak creatures whose only access to power is through dishonesty and manipulation. Although Miller’s portrayal of women seems to fit with the prejudices against them of the time, the family-oriented women who remain honest throughout the play possess less power than the unmarried female teenagers who wantonly sentence people to death. Elizabeth Proctor and Rebecca Nurse are two of the least powerful women in The Crucible, while Abigail Williams relishes her newfound power, attained by accusing innocent citizens of practicing witchcraft. Both Elizabeth and Rebecca dutifully serve their families, and the community that ultimately betrays them. Although Elizabeth never confesses to witchcraft, only the fact that she is pregnant saves her. As the Puritan leaders would never sentence an innocent unborn baby to death, Elizabeth’s life is spared until its birth. Rebecca Nurse, on the other hand, is eventually executed despite the fact that she always presented herself as an upright, God-fearing woman. However, the honest accused were more often than not the ones who lost their lives during both this period and the McCarthy era that the book serves as a commentary on, as they were not willing to confess to a crime they did not commit. For these reasons, one could argue that Miller agreed with the misogynistic prejudices dominant in the 1692 Salem Witch Trials. Women with power only use it for evil; those suppressed by men remain good and honest. Abigail doesn’t adhere to Puritan ideals, instead following her selfish desires; she pursues and seduces Proctor, even though this is a sin for which she should be repentant, according to the Puritanical mindset of the times. The teenage girls who comprise the low social rank who come to power are surprisingly one-dimensional, seemingly driven only by their feelings. Since the play can be read as an allegory to the anti-Communist investigations during the  McCarthy era, perhaps their characters aren’t fully fleshed out because they only serve the play as â€Å"villains†, a parallel to those in the McCarthy era who accused others of being Communists. Miller simply wants to portray them as people who are motivated solely by their own selfish gain. The entire ordeal delivers a misogynistic undertone of a woman’s only interest being a man, as Abigail is willing to sacrifice the lives of innocent people to be with John Proctor. However, at the same time, it underlines the fact that people during the McCarthy era were only interested in benefitting themselves, and had no regard for the consequences of their actions. The prime example of this is Abigail Williams, a main character in the play. She resents Elizabeth Proctor, convinced she is the only thing keeping her apart from John Proctor, with whom she had a secret affair1. In fact, the events in the play are all set in motion by this hatred, as she persuades Tituba to engage in the practice of witchcraft with her and her friends and, after being discovered and accused, realizes that blaming different people of practicing witchcraft can effectively remove them from society, as this is basically a death sentence. She wields this power to deflect all blame onto Tituba and several of Salem’s other second-class citizens. 2 Once reproached by the community for rumors of her adultery, she now accuses them of a far worse sin: devil-worship. One would think this character would require a rich backstory and complex personality; Abigail’s motivation never seems to grow beyond simple jealousy of Proctor’s wife and a desire for revenge against her, with no remorse for the 19 innocent people whom she sentenced to death. Mary Warren serves as a counterpoint to Abigail. Although she causes a lot of harm and sends people to their deaths as well, she does not do so out of malice, but rather because of her weak and subservient nature. She is convinced by Abigail to participate in accusing people of practicing witchcraft, but feels guilty for causing their deaths. When Proctor is furious over the arrest of his wife, she agrees to confess to lying about her accusations, however revokes her confession when Abigail accuses Proctor of witchcraft. Mary always sides with the stronger power, too timid to oppose it, thereby both representing the weak-willed people of Salem and symbolizing the McCarthy era. Ann Putnam isn’t weak, but she is described as weak-minded, introduced as a  twisted soul of forty-five, a death-ridden woman, haunted by dreams.3 Multiple stillbirths have most likely caused this mental instability.4 While other people are trying to ascertain the identities of those involved in witchcraft, she frequently suggests names so that others can blame them, and constantly analyzes other people’s actions.5 She also causes panic through a show of fear and anxiety, as well as using false information to influence others. Lastly, Tituba is part of an even lower social rank than Abigail and her friends, as she is a house slave. Although she admits to practicing witchcraft, her fate is never revealed. This ambiguity over what happens to her emphasizes that whether these girls are witches or not is not actually important. When analyzing all major female characters, it becomes clear that Miller portrays women as behaving rashly and irrationally when they are in a powerful position. Abigail Williams uses it to eliminate enemies, only to attain the love of a man, while Ann Putnam paranoidly accuses people of witchcraft to explain the deaths of her unborn children. Worst of all is Mary Warren, who is so gutless and unable to think for herself, that she just bends to the strongest will.

Labour markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Labour markets - Essay Example The three pillars of the agenda of the organisation include the intension of making the future work satisfactory for the employees, to keep up with the changes in the cultural background and the attitudes of the employees working in the multicultural organisations of the globalised world, as well as to make a free flowing culture in the place of work where the organisation is established. The theme of improving the quality of work life is a widely discussed topic since a long time. This report aims at providing a critical analysis of the various issues that are of concern to the human resource managers. In the initial part of the report a literature review has been done to highlight the issues that have been addressed in the international literature. The main section of the essay deals with multitude of questions including the extent to which the goals are important for the relationships of employer-employee in the different cases, the procedure of achievement of such goals as well a s the problems that may crop up in the scenario of the present day labour market. Scholarly resources like books, journals as well relevant websites have been consulted to conduct a review of the literature that have been written on this topic as well as the critical analysis on this question. Literature Review This section of the literature review is an attempt to link the three main aspects of work life balance which includes the work that the person does the workforce in the organisation and the place of work of the employees involved. It is essential for every organisation to have a proper balance between family and work which otherwise would give rise to issues of conflict according to Greenhaus and Beutell (Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985, pp. 76-88). The environment at work affects the performance health of the employees. There is a high correlation between the work units and the effectiveness of the work systems in which employees perform. Each department in an organisation comp rise of teams and the performance of the teams in a collective manner contributes to the total productivity of the organisations. Thus the performance of the teams is extremely important from the point of view of the organisation. It has been observed through various works of research that the sum of the performances of the individuals would be less than that which would be contributed by an entire team (Parker, 1990, pp. 63-86). Hence the commitment and dedication of the team are important for the growth of the organisation and the progress of the employees. Researchers have made studies regarding the work hours of the individual employees, the level of job satisfaction, the health and the well-being of the employees. It has been found that all these factors have a direct correlation with the level of performance of the employees and the way they are committed to the work they have been assigned. The business processes are directly linked with the work life that the employees have. It has been found that the people who work in organisations which guarantee a good work life balance are more involved in the work at office (Williams and Adam-Smith, 2010, pp. 26-49). The diversity and flexibility in the organisation culture make the workplace conducive for the employees. A flexible workplace has a major role to

The Correct Recognition Of Words Based On The Depth Of Processing Research Paper

The Correct Recognition Of Words Based On The Depth Of Processing - Research Paper Example Long term memory, which is defined to be the component of memory where information is never lost and can be retained at any given moment. However, these three components are not the only components of memory, a different breakdown of memory is included. This breakdown includes the idea of how deep one thinks about information. There are many variables that can help one remember information, capacity and duration are one, but depth is also another component. How deep someone thinks about a piece of information is critical in being able to retrieve it later. How deep someone thinks about information can be portrayed in many ways depending on how the information is presented. It can be in ways like in a sentence or next to another word that has the same definition, or even the number of vowels and consonants is presented. How deep one thinks about the information depends on how well they will retrieve it in a later task. Experiments prior to this one tested how recognition is affected by the depth of processing. The article by Craik and Tulving (1975), profoundly describes how processing words in different depth levels affects the retrieval of those words in a recognition task. Craik and Tulving used three levels of encoding, shallow, medium, and deep. Their shallow level included typescript words which was asking if the word was in upper case or lower case. The medium level of encoding was asking rhyme questions, if the words rhymed with other presented words. The deep level of encoding included fill in the blank questions. Each participant was shown these question formats in a sum of 60 trials.

The effects of interest rate volatilities on the demand of Turkish Essay

The effects of interest rate volatilities on the demand of Turkish money - Essay Example This study aims to look at, particularly the possessions of interest rate volatilities in case of Turkey along with customary factors influencing the demand for money. Because the raise in interest rate volatility is probable to lead structural variations in the formation of behavioral dealings which defines economic sector. It will also really influence the demand for cash. Other than, it must be strained here that the nominal interest rate contains two parts: Expected rate of inflation and an expected real rate of return. Interest rate volatility is a very important factor in determining a healthy monetary policy for the economy. It is important to identify the factors that create the demand for money. The period of 1990s saw the banking sector in Turkey highly dominated by public banks, which were inefficient in its activities. The Turkish bank sector had a large number of serious discrepancies and deficiencies such as large risks in foreign currency, interest rates and liquidity in the banking sector. During the decided investigation period of 1990-2000s, the increase in GDP was only 2.5 per cent in Turkey. The banking sector in Turkey was deficient of good governance and the economic environment in which the banks existed brought severe economic losses to the bank. â€Å"The credits-to-total assets ratio declined from 47 percent to 32.8 percent between 1990 and 2000†. There was also a decrease of around 50 – 80% in the credits to deposit ratio in the Turkish banks. The Turkish banking sector was regulated and supervised by the coordination and cooperation of two authorities, the treasury and the central bank of Turkey. â€Å"Turkish Bank Ltd is authorized and regulated by the Financial Services Authority† (Turkish Bank n.d.). During this financial period, the Turkish banks financed public deficits due to very high real interest rates, which were charged by the banks. The high volatility in the interest rates also had its consequence on the demand of money in the Turkish economy. It is important to identify the determinant, which increases the demand for money in the economy in order to create and conduct a healthy monetary policy which suits the Turkish economy. The increase in interest rate volatility is accompanied by an effect in demand for money. Investigating the determinant of the demand for money is significant to make and conduct a healthy financial policy, which is directly connected to whole economy. For instance, a factor that raises the demand for cash may unfavorably affect financial performance by rising velocity of money and nominal income circulation. This study aims to look at, particularly the possessions of interest rate volatilities in case of Turkey along with customary factors influencing the demand for mo

Confederacies and Chiefdoms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Confederacies and Chiefdoms - Essay Example   There were three main confederacies that inhabited the Eastern North America, namely the Hurons, the Iroquois and the Powhattans (Johnson & Smith, 2003). The three confederacies took the form of having one single leader who was in charge of different tribes or communities that had been united to form a confederacy. The confederacies were mainly found in the regions of Southern Ontario, near lakes Ontario and Erie, where the Huron confederacy occupied, while the Iroquois Confederacy occupied the central New York region and the Powhattans occupied the Chesapeake regions (Johansen, 2005). On the other hand, the chiefdoms were organizations of a single community under the leadership of their chiefs, who wielded much authority and powers over the people and established informal government structures, with their aides under them, who were responsible for overseeing the implementation of the chief’s authority by the different sections of the community. The chiefdoms occupied the major river ways of the Mississippi River hence their being referred to as the Mississippian chiefdoms (Milner, 2006). The advantages in both forms of political organization is that the coming together of tribes and communities gave the political organizations the strength to fight against their enemies as opposed to when they could fight as single tribes or communities. However, the disadvantage is that the political organizations allowed for the leaders to exploit their subjects since their word was the authority.   Therefore, the subjects had to share the spoils of their hunting, gathering and agricultural exploits with the leaders, through paying such exploits as tribute to the leaders (Milner, 2006). The population estimate of the confederacies and the chiefdoms in the eastern North America region has been the subject of controversy between archeologists. However, there is an agreement between the archeologists, based on the archeological artifacts that have been discovered in this region, that hunting and gathering was the main social and economic activity of the people, while

Discussion 1 Week 5 Outsourcing and In-House Operations Assignment

Discussion 1 Week 5 Outsourcing and In-House Operations - Assignment Example These functions are crucial in nature and scope that core competencies of federal employees are needed for their undertaking and performance. According to O’Connor (2007), some of the functions included in the list are: (1) conducting criminal investigations; (2) commanding military forces; (3) conducting foreign relations and policy; (4) prioritizing Federal programs for budgetary purposes; among others. Accordingly, these functions are reviewed and modified, as deemed necessary, by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) officials (OConnor, 2007). As such, only when projects or programs are classified not within the inherently governmental function could other options through outsourcing could be resorted to. As emphasized, the option to outsource would only be justified when the cost of contracting services to private agencies or organizations is considerably lower than in-house services. Likewise, the decision to outsource or retain in-house transactions, is still governed by policies and procedures outlined by the OMB. 2. Outsourcing and in-house operations are interactive elements of materials acquisition planning, resource allocation planning, and materials flow control. Argue whether or not inherently government functions should be outsourced. Support your argument with example(s). Then, offer an alternative based on your position. One strongly believes that classifying functions as inherently government, by nature, should not be outsourced. For instance, one of the functions noted as inherently government is the â€Å"command of military forces, especially the leadership of military personnel who are members of the combat, combat support, or combat service support role† (OConnor, 2007, p. 109). In this particular situation, only the expertise and skills of federal officers are needed to perform the specific function. In no way would outsourcing serve the best interests of the

Women and Girls Trafficking for Jihad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and Girls Trafficking for Jihad - Essay Example The practice has raised eyebrows and worldwide concern when it was alleged cases of women and young girls trafficking were reported. In this case, women and other young girls are forcefully captured and held as captives for sexual Jihad notoriously propagated by the Tunisian women. It stresses on some of the major sins that are condemned by the Islamic religion. One of them is adultery. It is considered one of the greatest sins in the eyes of Islam. Thus anyone who commits this sin is said to have done a grievous deed and therefore he or she must be punished for the sin committed. This becomes even worse when the girls or women who are used in the performance or propagation of this sin are trafficked and forced into the acts (Rashid, 2000). Adultery is strongly condemned in the Muslim faith since it is regarded as an evil that breeds other evils in the society. This is indicated in the words of Allah in the Quran, which states that â€Å"Do not go near to adultery. Surely it is a shameful deed and evil, opening roads (to other evils).† (17:32). It is an indication that regardless of the gender, Muslims must refrain from adultery which is regarded as the most evil and shameless deed. In addition, besides the evil in itself, adultery is also shunned because it also breeds other forms of evil in the society. In this case of the jihadists, adultery creates the need to traffic women and young girls in an unlawful manner. Therefore, it acts as a start of the circle of more new evils. In addition, although the Quran acknowledges the act of slavery, it prohibits trafficking of girls and women and in particular does not condone any sexual relations with the abducted girls. In this sense, the Tunisian women who are involved in these activities greatly go against the Islamic laws and are eligible for punishment (Kassam, 2010).   

Racial Constructs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Racial Constructs - Essay Example y of individuals is the cultural issues and environment as in the article, race concepts in medicine, but all individuals if subjected to the same conditions and environment will think and act the same despite the race. On the contrary, it is true to some extent that according to Jethro’s message with are right as per the movie district nine. Forcibly, Van der Merwe struggles to relocate the aliens who had come in a ship and was settling in a section of South Africa. Since humans could not operate the weapons that the aliens had, the growth of a claw in the place of a hand by van, propelled him to be a central operator of both the Nigerian gangsters and Security Company. The Nigerian gangs were exploiting the aliens by selling them cat foods. However, the above to some extent portrays the evidence of the fact that whites are always right. This is so because everyone was afraid to relocate the aliens and the only torch bearer was a fan, whom manages to maneuver through to become a hero in deals and designs of relocating the aliens who were rejected by the residents. With his racial complexion of white, Van der Merwe seams to be successful, and at this point is when there is approving of the t erm whites are right. Here, the hero tactically finds an idea that the only way to operate the alien’s weapons is by growing a lobster claw in the place of his hand. With the above claws, he manages to be a security company and at the same time, he operates the Nigerian gangster ideas by exploiting the aliens from the cat food being sold to them. All the above was for the efforts of relocating the aliens, though it was not an easy task to relocate them. Having put that across, the fact remains that Van der Merwe used his brains to explore the aliens by not only growing the claws but also incorporating those aliens who proved to be intelligent and those that had human emotions. It is evident according to the movie district nine that the aliens in the movie are of the

Week 5 Participation 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Participation 2 - Assignment Example Conversely, the courses covered in this program have also changed my perception of employment. Focusing on professional and personal development rather that climbing up the ladder in your career could help you lead a more satisfied life and achieve your goals (Ballew and Hvezda, 2005). Ashley, I concur with the fact this course has facilitated your comprehension of the need to further your education. Since I have similarly undergone through the same program, I have also recognized that this program alone cannot satisfy my needs in terms of achieving my professional goals. I am also in agreement that holding an important decision making role is more important that merely climbing up the ladder in your organization. As explicated by Ballew and Hvezda (2005), holding a decision making role could help you understand how corporations or organizations are run thus furthering your skills, knowledge, and

Response Paper Essay Example for Free

Response Paper Essay The authors main argument is that the underclass ideology which says that the black underclass is a worthless, unwise, indiscriminate reproductive source of   an unproductive poor class of America as against the   affluent white American society, is actually a â€Å"distraction from the fact that poor urban African Americans are the ones who cannot find jobs , cannot attend good schools and   have nowhere to live† (Williams 360) because the white counterpart citizens exploit their poverty for their own welfare and selfish gains through Government Authorities and Banks under the guise of Credit Cards, Equity and Mortgage loans and the Federal Reserve Board Regulations. The argument is aimed The Americans and the Research Bodies of the underclass ideology who make such false claims. The author’s audience is the American citizen, Government Authorities who support these ideologies and the Mass media who promote it to misguide the masses against the underclass of African Americans and other minority communities in USA. The argument of the author proves the relevance of the underclass ideology to the discipline of anthropology as it exposes how the black African American community has been a victim of mock welfare and plastic partners- namely the credit cards and Banks.   The debt and poverty image of such people is as much the result of their deprivation of basic facilities by the Government as also by the fact that their spending habits are governed by their social, cultural, interpersonal relationships and attitudes which is the subject of Anthropology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Sanjek, R. Gregory, S. et al. â€Å"The Reproductive Underclass†. New Brunswick, H5, Rutgus University Press, 1994.

How Do Abiotic Factors Influence the Rate of Photosynthesis?

How Do Abiotic Factors Influence the Rate of Photosynthesis? Table of Contents (Jump to) I. Background Research Design II. Research Question III. Hypothesis IV. Variables V. Apparatus VI. Safety Aspects/Animal Welfare Issues VII. Method Data Collection and Processing Conclusion and Evaluation Evaluation Conclusion Bibliography I. Background Research Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants, algae and cyanobacteria use the energy of sunlight to form carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. Organisms need complex carbon compounds to build the structure of their cells and to process essential and vital procedures. Some organisms are able to form all the carbon compounds they need using only light energy and simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water (Alott Mindorff). Photosynthesis can be described by a chemical equation. The overall balanced equation is: Plant cells use carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis. To finish this process, plants also need light energy captured from the sun, which they gain using a separate process. The usable end product the plant produces through photosynthesis is glucose, which the plant uses as food. The oxygen produced as an outcome of this process is a byproduct and is consequently released back into the environment. Animals and plants both construct fats and proteins from carbohydrates; therefore glucose is an essential energy foundation for all living organisms. The oxygen released as a photosynthetic byproduct provides most of the atmospheric oxygen essential to respiration in plants and animals, and animals in turn produce carbon dioxide vital to plants (Lagassà ©). The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be determined by three external factors: temperature, light intensity, and available carbon dioxide concentration. In any given situation any one of these may become a limiting factor if they are below the optimal level (Alott and Mindorff). According to the concept of limiting factors, under any combination of light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration, only one of the factors is essentially limiting the rate of photosynthesis. This is the factor that is farthest from its optimum. As the limiting factor is moved closer to its optimum, while keeping the other factors constant, a point will be reached where this factor is not the one that is furthest from the optimum anymore and another starts acting as the limiting factor. An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate at which carbon is incorporated into carbohydrate in the light-independent reaction, and so the rate of photosynthesis generally increases until limited by another factor. Increasing carbon dioxide concentration causes a rapid, significant increase in the rate of photosynthesis, which eventually plateaus when the optimal level is reached. E. canadensis is a submerse macrophyte, an aquatic plant immersed in water. It has bright green, translucent and oblong leaves which are borne in whorls of three round the stem (Rose and Reilly) (see fig. 1). It is easily available in aquarium shops or pet shops that have aquarium sections. Fig. 1: Elodia canadensis (Fischer). Design II. Research Question How do different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) solution affect the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea canadensis? III. Hypothesis As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase until a certain point where it reaches the optimal level and plateaus. IV. Variables Table 1: Dependent Variable Dependent Variable Photosynthesis rate Table 2: Independent Variable Table 3: Controlled Variables V. Apparatus 25 samples of E. canadensis 500 ml of pre prepared dilute sodium carbonate solutions with the following CO2 concentrations: 1% 2.5% 3% 5% 10% 50 test tubes (used as containers to make a respirometer, not for measurements) 25 x 100 ml 25 x 150 ml 5 x 300 ml beaker (used as containers, not for measurements) 30 cm ruler ) Compact fluorescent lamp as light source 100 ml graduated cylinder ( ± 0.5 ml) Stopwatch ( ± 0.01s) Scalpels Thermometer ( ± 0.01C) VI. Safety Aspects/Animal Welfare IssuesScalpels are sharp and should be used with caution. The glassware involved in the experimentation may lead to injuries if used without caution and broken. Use of liquids may also lead to some risks if spilled because the floor may become slippery. The lab did not lead to any animal welfare issues.VII. Method Label the five beakers with the following: 1% CO2 2.5% CO2 3% CO2 5% CO2 10% CO2 Set up the light source. Place the beakers in a spot that is 20 cm away from the light source. Place one E. canadensis sample into a 100 ml test tube and fill the test tube with 100 ml of the 1% CO2 dilute sodium carbonate solution. The tube should be filled as full as possible. Carefully invert a larger tube and place it over the smaller tube containing the sample plant and the 1% CO2 dilute sodium carbonate solution.   Push the smaller tube all the way into the larger tube using your finger or a pencil and then invert both tubes so that the opening of the larger tube is up. Be sure that the small tube is pushed to the top of the larger tube before inverting it (see fig. 2).   Mark the water level on the test tube with a marker. Place this set up in the beaker which was previously labeled as 1% CO2. As soon as the set up is ready place it under the light source and start the stopwatch. With time, the distance between the water level and the top of the test tube will increase because of photosynthetic activity, which will produce O2 gas. Photosynthetic activity by E. canadensis samples will cause the water to displace and increase the space at the top of the test tube. The volume of fluid displaced will equal the volume of the gas produced. Run the trial for and monitor it for 20 minutes. After every 2 minutes, check the test tube and measure how much of the dilute sodium carbonate solution has displaced with a ruler. Each time after taking measurements, use a marker to mark the new liquid level for the future measurements you will make. Repeat steps 5 to 14 for 4 more times. At the end of this, there should be 5 trials done in total for the 1% CO2 dilute sodium carbonate concentration. Repeat steps 5 to 15 for the remaining 2.5%, 3%, 5% and 10% CO2 dilute sodium carbonate solutions. The process described in the previous steps should give 10 raw data points for each trial with a total of 250 data points. Record this data in a â€Å"Raw Data† table. All the lab work is completed for this experimentation. The lab and the apparatus can be cleaned if necessary.   Data Collection and ProcessingFigure 3: Raw Data for Liquid Displacement over Time in Different CO2 ConcentrationsFigure 4: Processed Data with Means, Standard Deviations and Average RatesFigure 5: Processed Data: Average Photosynthesis Rate in Different CO2 ConcentrationsConclusion and EvaluationEvaluationThe collection of data was an easy process. My results match my predictions. But the uncertainties in the data, which I sh.ould have considered before processing the experiment, are preventing me from making clear and strong statements. One uncertainty preventing me from making clear statements derived from this lab is the fact that I ran the trials for 20 minutes only. It was unfortunately not possible to see any changes in such a short time with low concentrations such as 1% CO2 . If I had run the experiments for longer, I could have seen the photosynthesis rate reaching it’s limit and becoming constant, but because I ran it for a short time, I am not able to understand if , for example 0,3 mm/minutes is the maximum photosynthesis rate the plant Elodea can reach in 10% CO2 concentration. I needed to do it for a longer time to say it has reached a limit or not.Second thing I should have considered is the fact that although they belong to the same species, the plants used in the experiment were still not the same in terms of leaf sizes. If I could use the exact same plant in each tube (take Elodea from one tube and place it in other), results might have changed because plants might be doing photosynthesis at different rates. This is also something I should have searched before starting the experiment, while doing my background research so that I could be sure about it.If I was doing the same experiment again, I would avoid these uncertainties and that would help me make clear statements about my results saying that they match every prediction I made and are strong justifications. Right now, they still match some of my predictions. For example, the photo synthesis rate in 10% CO2 was 0.3 mm/minute while it was 0.2 mm/minute in 5% CO2. This shows that the rate of photosynthesis is greater when higher concentrations of CO2 are present. But like I have stated above, this can be caused by other factors such as the difference in plants or anything I have not considered. Therefore, I should have run more trials.ConclusionMy aim was to see the effects of CO2 concentration on photosynthesis and although I was not able to see them, I was able to make predictions about the effects. I have listed everything that has caused uncertainties in the experiment, and these uncertainties are unfortunately preventing me from making clear statements. If I could do this again, I would avoid all of these uncertainties. The results meet my predictions but one should not say that these results are clear and direct justifications of the background research. Some other factors were involved in the experiment, therefore I would not consider this experiment as s uccessful, and I would do it again.BibliographyAlott, Andrew and David Mindorff. IB Biology Course Book 2014 edition: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. Oxford University Press, 2014.Lagassà ©, Paul, ed. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.McGinley, Mark. Differences between aquatic and terrestrial environments . 5 February 2009. 1 March 2015 http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151726/>.Rose, Francis and Clare Reilly. The Wild Flower Key: How to identify wild plants, trees and shrubs in Britain and Ireland. London: Frederick Warne, 2006.

Value Chain analysis of Cathay pacific

Value Chain analysis of Cathay pacific Cathay Pacific is an international airline registered and based in Hong Kong, offering scheduled passenger and cargo services to 117 destination in 36 countries and territories . The company was founded in 1946 and remains deeply committed to its home base, making substantial investments to develop Hong Kong as one of the worlds leading global transportation hubs. In addition to fleet of 128 wide-bodied aircraft, these investments include catering, aircraft maintenance, ground handling companies and the corporate headquarters, Cathay Pacific city at Hong Kong airport. In year 2007 Cathay Pacific increasing their customers year by year. They got highest passenger load and they record passenger numbers with an average load factor of 81.1%. The capacity is increase by 3.9% with the most of the increase towards the end of the year. 2008 was a difficult year for the company. While the business picture was in first half of the year was positive but other half was not successful due to some political reason and higher fuel cost. Because of this reason company got loss in year 2008. In year 2009 was quite good for the company environment. They got profit of HK$4,694. This compares to the loss of HK$8696 from the previous year. In 2009 they try to ensure that standard the face of an unprecedented downturn in business. Lets see the internal and external environment changes in company environment. During current era they made some changes their strategy and services. Value Chain analysis of Cathay pacific C.P.(Cathay pacific) is one of the branded airline company in air line industry. It always competes with different airline company. It competes with different airlines company for its status and notoriety. Now a days C.P. is underwent for changes its image in market and also try to solve problem. So C.P. is made new strategies to solve problem which they are facing. The main concepts of new strategies are to increase a number of clients and also try to full fill services which demanded by the clients. C.p. management also sure about that this strategies related to services and technologies can be useful to compete against other airlines company. Inbound(internal) logistics: Related to its internal logistics C.P. builds good relationship and mutual aid with its suppliers. Related to this point internal logistics does not affect to its market position so positively. The main reason is that all airlines industry are getting same benefit from its suppliers. Operation Cathay Pacific providing a facility to passengers and they believes that their business are selling experience to the passengers. Loyalty is a main key factor for every business. The main key factor for loyalty is emotional bonding with passengers and this factor is helpful for C.P. to attract customers for repurchase airline products. The biggest dissimilarity of C.P. to its competitors is its people. The C.P. management is always trying to build bond between product development and customers expectation. C.P. is always trying to give good services to its passengers and passengers always feel welcomed, respected. The passengers always feel that they are travel in good and safe services. For improving customers services C.P. develop cultural changes within airline. They develop new program like service straight from heart for improving customer services. In this program they try to express about its understanding related importance of the people in organization and their contribution in their success. For providing a excellent customer service they using following steps. Generating a atmosphere for positive performance. Recruiting the accurate people and train properly Continual enhancement Services Throughout the world service is main key factor which can adding value of core corporate. All corporations throughout the world are increasing their value by offering various services. Cathay Pacific is always focusing on their services. Main aim of the C.P. is to provide superior services to their customers and to turn in to world most well liked airline. C.P. aware about that quality of service set them in good position from its competitors. C.P. also committed about on time performance to aim, maintaining and growing international route network, and increasing flight frequency to make their position in market They providing their services according to their strategy like services straight from heart and they are quite successful in their market. C.P.. Not only fulfill the costumers needs and aims not just to meet, Cathay Pacific goes beyond ensuring satisfaction to strengthen the loyalty of costumers and enhance the profit-ratio of the airline. For achieving a target market position C.P. uses Differentiation. According to this strategy C.P. offers to their customers wide product ranges and higher quality products to customers convenience. Technology development: As a technological point of view C.P. is also same as its competitors. C.P. was the first airline who announced to plans to install internet in flight. Then they go for their process and now a days they providing internet to all flights. C.P. was the first to electronically link airbus air craft to its maintenance center. C.P. also invested their money in e-business to become a Asias leading e-business airline company. The main idea behind this technology for C.P. is development of e-learning environment of company. Cathay Pacific made rapid progress to becoming Asias largest e-business airline. In all this technology C.P. introduced about improvement of passengers experience in three different way Online check in Notify Airport lounges In flight e-mail system Marketing and Sales C.P. always trying to attract new as well as their regular clients by providing them different tour package. Their services always attract customers to travel by C.P. They always try to providing cheap tickets. They generate different discount rate on their tickets. Human resource management The employees in Cathay Pacific are contributing in all new strategy which is developed by company. C.P. have main advantages against its competitors are its quality of services which are providing by its employees. C.P. promotes appropriate training to their staff to develop their employment strategy. C.P. also develop working environment for their staff. Company motivates their staff for their works. Company promote good leader for particular task to achieving a target. Porters five analysis Potential Entrants C.P. is prepared for new entrants and they are not greatly affected by new market entrants. The power of potential comers to C.P. is too weak. The main advantage for C.P. against new comers is government policies. They have to only focus their maintenance and low cost for their other expanses. These things are useful for C.P. against new comers in airlines market. Competitive rivalry The main competitors of C.P. are China airlines, Singapore airlines. C.P. is maintain their status in market by providing a best services, services are the main key element for C.P. this strategy gives C.P. to emotional bonding as well as better business relationship. C.P. implemented new strategy by providing a unique flying experience to their clients. Substitutes In this part of the analysis, clients are mainly looking for products in lowest prizes which are introduced by company. Substitute can also in the form of another services that a consumer deems suitable for them necessitate and capabilities. Substitutes can providing high power to company. For C.P. makes substitutes in its different department and it will help to lose other companys client. C.P. is sure about those substitutes that they wont give them more problems. Buyer power The main advantage for all consumers in this industry is that buying power. There are lots of companies available in airline industry. So individual buyers have so many options to buy tickets. So C.P. has only the option that they must have to providing tickets in low prices. Supplier power Supplier power is also highly influence in airline industry. Cathay Pacific also concern about this factor. Lets understand by example. If the fuel price is increases then C.P. have no other choice. C.P. is also increasing their fuel surcharge for each ticket. Mckinsey 7s model: Shared value C.P. always tries to make some innovative in their customers services so customers will take so less time in using their services as a process of transportation. The company sure that some services providing by them is never forgotten by their customers. Strategy C.P. management is always trying to learn from its previous. The only reason is behind is that they want to make their position in market. They always tries to not repeat their past mistake. The other strategy is they make their relation with their customers. They try to make emotional bonding with their consumers so that they can provide services that people will purchase. The other strategy is investing in new and better equipments. Structure Cathay pacific company structure is decentralized. In C.P. company each and every decision are not made by only one person. Each and every department has an authority to contribute their idea on decision. Each and every department shares their ideas before the decision. This decentralized structure helps to take a complete decision that will helps to provide best services. Systems C.P have reconfigure their system to check that weather new system are work as on their planning. And they also get conformed about that they providing services are in positive way. They also changes their system according to their departmental need. Staff Cathay pacific always keeps in their mind that the employees are main need for the company. They consider them as an asset of company. They hire employee according to job needs. They are providing proper and appropriate training to their employee. They also providing good financial and reward to their employee. Skill C.P. Accommodate a particular staff for particular services and the staff have ideas about how to provide best services. Company first checks their performance before providing them job. They also got conformed about all staff member have enough skill to use particular materials during their services. Ansoff analysis: Here is short view of ansoff analysis of C.P. According to this analysis market development is suit their business. Product development is also good for their business. According to analysis, they can maximize their profit ratio in market development and product development. Market development. Market development is mainly define by business aims to sell its existing product in new market. C.P. also made some changes with their product in existing market. They change in interior lay out and configuration of air craft. According to their strategy space is a key comfort variable. http://airlinesflightnews.com/search/cathay+pacific+market+development+to+moscow http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704784904575112722646592114.html Product development: Product development mainly defines by the business aims to sell new product in existing market.. For increasing their customers and loyalty they trying provide more flights with more facilities. Before some time they announced that they will starts flights to Moscow. They also announced that they will starts three flights in a week. They also announced that they will start flight Auckland to Moscow. They also try to develop fastest as well as more convenient flights to their customers. Cathay pacific is also investing into product improvement across the fleet to enhance passenger satisfaction and long term product competitiveness. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Will+Cathay+Pacifics+Passengers+Take+The+Airlines+Latest+Product-a061797748 Market penitration Market penitration is mainly define by business aim to sell their exisiting product in to existing market. For increasing their sells in the competitive market they make some discount rate on different product. C.P. is the first company who put their airline ticket in auction. They introduce new travel package for their customers. They are trying to introduce to their customers that they are selling complete tour package in low cost. Diversification Hong Kong Dragon Airlines Limited(Dragonair),an Asian regional airline registered and based in Hong Kong offering scheduled passenger and cargo services to 30 destinations in 10 countries with a fleet of 29 aircraft, is wholly subsidiary of Cathay Pacific. C.P. owns 18.1% of Air China. Twos analysis: Tows analysis is mainly concern with internal analysis of the company. Strength Diversified geographical spread Youngest fleet of aircraft Strong financial performance Weakness Weak turnover ratio Unbalanced business portfolio Opportunities Growing Asia pacific market Global airline market Threats Fuel prices Increasing competition from low cost airlines Diversification Cost leadership Merge Acquisition Internal development Diversification: Now days the competition in airline industry is very high. There are lots of airlines operated in Asia region. The main competitors for Cathay Pacific are Air Asia and Singapore airlines. Air Asia currently operates on 86 routes and its no frills service has obtained wide range in china market. And Singapore Airlines operates 88 destinations in 38 countries. Cathay Pacific should emphasize to diversify their routes. Merge Acquisition: Cathay pacific has to merge with different airlines to avoid future threats. Merge and acquisition is one of the best choices. To avoid their threats Cathay Pacific has recently merge with Air China. C.P. merge with Air China for cargo services. Internal development: For internal development concern Cathay Pacific is higher then their competitors. It mainly consists with their internal asset. In year 2007 some of the prime competitors are Singapore Airlines, SAS. During this year the asset turn over ratio was 1.15 times higher then C.P. and the same year Singapore Airlines consist the asset turn over ratio is 0.59 times lower then Cathay Pacific. But in an Asian region Cathay Pacific hae good market and they have good internal development.

Destruction and Failure of a Generation in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsb

The Great Gatsby and the Destruction of a Generation      Ã‚   The beauty and splendor of Gatsby's parties masks the decay and corruption that lay at the heart of the Roaring Twenties. The society of the Jazz Age, as observed by Fitzgerald, is morally bankrupt, and thus continually plagued by a crisis of character. Jay Gatsby, though he struggles to be a part of this world, remains unalterably an outsider. His life is a grand irony, in that it is a caricature of Twenties-style ostentation: his closet overflows with custom-made shirts; his lawn teems with "the right people," all engaged in the serious work of absolute triviality; his mannerisms (his false British accent, his old-boy friendliness) are laughably affected. Despite all this, he can never be truly a part of the corruption that surrounds him: he remains intrinsically "great." Nick Carrway reflects that Gatsby's determination, his lofty goals, and most importantly the grand character of his dreams sets him above his vulgar contemporaries. F. Scott Fitzgerald constructs Gatsby a s a true American dreamer, set against the decay of American society during the 1920s. By eulogizing the tragic fate of dreamers, Fitzgerald thereby denounces 1920s America as an age of blindness and greed an age hostile to the work of dreaming. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald heralds the ruin of his own generation.    Since America has always held its entrepreneurs in the highest regard, one might expect Fitzgerald to glorify this heroic version of the American Dreamer in the pages of his novel. Instead, Fitzgerald suggests that the societal corruption which prevailed in the 1920s was uniquely inhospitable to dreamers; in fact, it was these men who led the most unfortunate lives of all... ...ible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995. Fielder, Leslie. "Some Notes on F. Scott Fitzgerald." Mizener 70-76. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. 1925. New York: Scribner Classic, 1986. Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Extremes. New York: Pantheon, 1994. Posnock, Ross. "'A New World, Material Without Being Real': Fitzgerald's Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby." Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgerald's "Great Gatsby." Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston: Hall, 1984. 201-13. Raleigh, John Henry. "F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby." Mizener 99-103. Spindler, Michael. American Literature and Social Change. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1983. Trilling, Lionel. "F. Scott Fitzgerald." Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgerald's "Great Gatsby." Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston: Hall, 1984. 13-20.   

Cancer Essay -- essays research papers

Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate gland. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system. This gland is locates inside the body at the base of the penis, just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is composed of the glandular and fibrous tissue enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue. The prostate is in the shape of a donut and about the size of a walnut. It surrounds the first inch or so of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder. Normal functions of the prostate depend on the presence of the male hormone testosterone, which is produced by the testes. The prostate produces semen, the thick, whitish fluid that carries sperm. Cancer of the prostate has become the number one cancer in American men. In the United States, approximately 1 in every 11 men will develop prostate cancer during his lifetime. Prostate cancer becomes increasingly common with each decade of life. Over 80 percent of all cases are diagnosed in men over 65. The incidence of prostate cancer increased 47 percent from 1973 to 1987, about a 2.6 percent increase each year. It is estimated that 106,00 new cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed in the US during the 1990. Black men in the US have the highest incidence of prostate cancer in the world. Little is known about the cause of prostate cancer, and it is seldom possible to explain why a man has developed this disease. Scientists believe that cancer of the prostate develops over a period of many years as a result...

Phonics vs. whole language? Essay -- Essays Papers

Phonics vs. whole language? Like other issues of education, educators and theorists debate and analyze methods of reading instruction. They judge methods and curricula not only by their efficacy but also by their appropriateness and ease. Throughout the history of education these methods and curricula have changed, shifted, and transformed. Currently, though, there are two front-runners in the debate—phonics and whole language. Popular belief is that these curricula are diametrically opposed. Researchers of effective reading instruction assert the opposite, saying that â€Å"an artificial, simplistic dichotomy† has no reality in the discussion of phonics and whole language (Dahl & Scharer, 2000,  ¶43). The purpose of this research paper is to compare these two seemingly different curricula in the realm of reading instruction, to determine their individual levels of appropriateness, and to decide which, if either, is ultimately more appropriate in the school setting. Phonics Defined What is phonics? The word â€Å"phonics† comes from the Greek word for sound and is defined by the Webster’s II New Collegiate Dictionary as the â€Å"use of elementary phonetics in the teaching of reading.† The Britannica Student Encyclopedia says, â€Å"phonics is translating parts of written words into the sounds they represent.† From these two definitions of phonics, one can deduce that it is a method of segmentation, visual and auditory recognition, and decoding. Phonics is the vehicle by which learners begin to understand the individual sounds, or phonemes, of a word. The sounds—there are about 45 in the English language—are the basic building blocks of language, and mastery of them ensures success in future reading attempts (Hempenstall, 1997,  ¶16). Educators use phonics at several levels of reading instruction, including early childhood, remediation, and adult literacy. In an article about Dorothy Strickland’s book Teaching Phonics Today: A Primer for Educators, Linda Starr (1999) quotes Strickland: â€Å"Historically, those who have denounced poor reading achievement in the United States have turned to phonics as a solution† (qtd. in Starr, 1999,  ¶2). Phonics is, indeed, a solution, for its basic principle of breaking words into parts allows the reader to approach any new word with confidence, assuming that he has learned all of the written sounds successfully. Phonics is used in both in... ...s in diverse classroom settings† (Dahl & Scharer, 2000,  ¶52). Based upon the data set forth in this paper, a system of balanced instruction seems to be the most beneficial route for reading instruction. Students should learn about the relationships between letters and sounds through both traditional instruction and on the spot direction. They should be encouraged to express themselves through writing and educators should give feedback and constructive criticism about their mistakes as well as their creativity. Diane Weaver Dunne (2000) tells us â€Å"there is no magic bullet that can teach all children how to read† ( ¶ 1). As such, educators should individualize instruction to reach all learners, and reading and writing should take place in every area of the curriculum. The problem in this debate lies not in the direct opposition of whole language to phonics but in the misconceptions of both camps. 1 The whole language camp seems to be split on this issue: â€Å"Some Whole Language theorists still believe that any emphasis on phonics is unfruitful, or even harmful— ‘The rules of phonics are to complex†¦and too unreliable†¦to be useful’†(Smith qtd. in Hempenstall,  ¶ 58).

Does School Prepare Children for the Real World Essay

â€Å"Getting a good education and make good grades no longer ensures success. † Because these would not merely help us to be a successful professionals. Not all things are being taught in school. Does school prepare children for the real world and ?. but rather the skills and knowledge you are able to apply with your income separates the lower middle class from the wealthy. study hard and get good grades and you will find a high paying job with great benefits for you to attain success in life. education is the foundation of success† â€Å"just as scholastic skills are very important, so are financial and communication skills. † Just as what it is stated, education plays an important role in life. For an individual to be a successful. The author tells us how to achieve success but with very disparate approaches Throughout the book, the author compares both fathers , their principles, ideas, financial practices, and degree of dynamism and how his real father, the poor, struggling but highly educated man, paled against his rich dad in terms of asset building. He compares his poor dad to those people who are perpetually scampering in the Rat Race, helplessly trapped in a vicious cycle of needing more but never able to satisfy their dreams for wealth because of one glaring lack: financial literacy. His rich dad, by contrast, represents the independently wealthy core of society who deliberately takes advantage of the power of corporations and their personal knowledge of tax. The book’s theme reduces to two fundamental concepts: a can-do attitude and fearless entrepreneurship. The author highlights these two concepts by providing multiple examples for each and focusing on the need for financial literacy, how the power of corporations contribute to making the wealthy even wealthier, minding your own business, overcoming obstacles by not fostering laziness, fear, cynicism and other negative attitudes, and recognizing the characteristics of humans and how their preconceived notions and upbringing hamper their financial freedom goals. For most parents today, they are having a hard time keeping their children in chool. But in light of our changing times, as parents, we need to be open to new and bold ideas. â€Å"life is the best lecturer in life† it does not require any moments of an indi Vidual but rather having it’s experiences in life. Some people may think of money that has been involve. But the more money you have it will put you into more depths. Always keep in mind of† knowing how to work for money† not â€Å"knowing how to ma ke money work for you. † â€Å"The more money you get, the more you spend. † If one is able to focus getting jobs that develop these three major skills sets, he is well on their way on the path to success. After sharing these main lessons of the rich, Kiyosaki goes a step further by addressing the 5 main obstacles keeping people from actually following through . first is Fear, Overcoming the fear of losing money. The fear of losing money is real. Everyone has it. The difference becomes how a rich and poor person handles the fear. Wealthy individuals use failure as a teaching moment and aren’t afraid to fail. Second is Cynicism, This deals mostly with those around you. Follow your own path, because at the end of the day, wealthy individuals are a small percentage who go against the grain and don’t follow the crowd. Thirdly is Laziness, One must be willing to put in the time and effort to build up their financial knowledge. This means being selfish and taking time out to build one’s personal wealth. Fourth is the Bad Habits, it is Reducing expenses is easier said than done, but one must be willing to break those bad spending and investing habits in order to be successful. And lastly is the Arrogance, Always be willing to reach out to those who are successful and those you want to emulate. To become wealthy, it’s often a collaborative effort, bouncing ideas from prospective mentors. â€Å"It’s not what you say out of your mouth that determines your life, it’s what you whisper to yourself that has the most power! † it tells us of being a dependent individual. one must determine his/her life. By means of the application of business. Don’t lose hope, and move straight forward for the future ahead. let me give you an example to deeply understand these. Grace was a friend of mine. She was my best friend a long time ago. We had a promise of seeing each other again after 10 years. I’ve remember that she told that she would be a good doctor in a hospital. She always tell me that its her dream to be a doctor. We always spend time with each other saying our ambitions years from now. But years have passed, and life changes. She suddenly told me that she would stop after graduation and her ambition will go to an end because of some family problem. She told that her dream of becoming a doctor has come to an end. But as her best friend I’ve told her not to give up, and pursue her dreams. It must be a trial from god to see her faith and hope for him. And so she started again and start all over. Life is too short, so we must all enjoy what we have. And do even pursue more. â€Å"You’re only poor if you give up. The most important thing is that you did something. Most people only talk and dream of getting rich. You’ve done something. † in life, you must not give up. Every individual experiences a lot of things. Every time you fall, you must stand up. Face the reality. lways keep in mind that f you did something bad or good, you must not give up and not lose hope. Just don’t let it get to the point of hurting someone just for you to have a standard status in life. But as generations have passed, all people are know thinking of how to be rich. Richer in life. â€Å"Winners are not afraid of losing. But losers are. Failure is part of the process of success. People who avoid failure also avoid success. † In our generation today, people know are always taking risk on their fortunes, some of them are gabling on their lives just to let their status in life ranked high. Every individuals always think of having competition with each other. They always want to be called the winner in terms of their competition. So know, things have change as times passes by, they are now afraid of losing in any kinds of competition. But in vice versa. Always keep in mind that every failure is a part of every success of every individual in life. â€Å"The love of money is the root of all evil. † The lack of money is the root of all evil. † We all know that the possession of money by a person makes him/her evil. Every individual who loves money. ill suddenly turn to a bad person when he/ she loves money so much that even he is consequently starts to forget all about his/herself and even his/her family loved ones. When it comes to money, people take their own risk in life. Many people strive hard just to save dollars. Always remember money is a form of power. But what is more powerful is financial education. Money comes and goes, but if you have the education about how money works, you would gain power over it and can begin building wealth. if you want something, work for it. We all wanted thengs to satisfy us. If you’re the kind of person who has no guts, you just give up every time life pushes you. If you’re that kind of person, you’ll live all your life playing it safe, doing the right things, saving yourself for something that never happens. Then, you die a boring old man. Life is the best teacher of all. Most of the time life does not talk to you. It’s just that it all pushes you around. Each push is a life saying there’s something I want to say to you, wake up and face a new life. â€Å"Intelligence solves problems & produces money. Money without financial intelligence is money soon gone. Every individuals have rights to have education. â€Å"Getting a good education and make good grades no longer ensures success. † Because these would not merely help us to be a successful professionals. Not all things are being taught in school. but rather the skills and knowledge you are able to apply with your income separates the lower middle class from the wealthy. study hard and get good grades and you will find a high paying job with great benefits for you to attain success in life. â€Å"education is the foundation of success† â€Å"just as scholastic skills are very important, so are financial and communication skills. Just as what it is stated, education plays an important role in life. For an individual to be a successful. â€Å"Emotions are what make us human. Make us real. The word ’emotion’ stands for energy in motion. Be truthful about your emotions, and use your mind and emotions in your favor, not against yourself. † God created man with his own image and likeness. He created humans all complete. Emotions can served as the principle and aspects in decision making process of an individual. True person can be associated as real, if he/ she has it’s own true feelings and emotions. lways remember to be truthful abouy our emotions and use it in a proper way. â€Å"In school we learn that mistakes are bad, and we are punished for making them. Yet, if you look at the way humans are designed to learn, we learn by making mistakes. We learn to walk by falling down. If we never fell down, we would never walk. † â€Å"education is the foundation of success† â€Å"just as scholastic skills are very important, so are financial and communication skills. † Just as what it is stated, education plays an important role in life. For an individual to be a successful. For most parents today, they are having a hard time keeping their children in school. But in light of our changing times, as parents, we need to be open to new and bold ideas. â€Å"life is the best lecturer in life† it does not require any moments of an individual but rather having it’s experiences in life. Some people may think of money that has been involve. But the more money you have it will put you into more depths. Always keep in mind of† knowing how to work for money† not â€Å"knowing how to make money work for you. † â€Å"The more money you get, the more you spend. †

Therapy Management Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Health And Social Care Essay

Rheumatoid Arthritis is the most common signifier of inflammatory arthritis which was described in item for the first clip at the terminal of the eighteenth century. This systemic disease affects all cultural groups with the peak incidence in the fifth and 6th decennaries of life. It is characterized by proliferating and destructive alterations in the synovial membrane, periarticular constructions, skeletal musculuss and perineural sheaths of the host. Finally, the affected articulations become fibrosed or ankylosed because of destructive alterations in the joint construction [ 1 ] .EpidemiologyThe prevalence of the RA is about 1 % in the general population in the United States. Prevalence is similar worldwide. It affects all cultural groups with the peak incidence in adult females between the ages of 30 and 50. Disorder occurs three times more often in adult females than in work forces ) . Sing the significance and impact of RA is vitally of import, because it is a progressive destr uctive disease which leads to cram malformation, joint devastation and lasting disablement of the affected articulations [ 2, 3 ] .PathophysiologyEven though the exact cause is still unknown, research workers have found the disease is caused by auto-antibodies which affect synovial tissue. Most of the instances ( 70 % to 90 % ) are caused by the Rheumatoid Factor ( an autoantibody ) matching with IgG, itself an antibody. Most of the balance is caused by the arthritic factors attaching to IgM, IgA or IgE. This immune composite, which is a step of these arthritic factors, are engulfed by WBCs and luxuriant destructive muramidases within the lysosomes. Procollagenase, an enzyme released by neutrophils, is converted into active collagenase by the synovial fluid. Collagenase so splits the collagen of the articular surface gristle and leads to primary synovitis. This primary synovitis gives rise to a pannus which in bend signifiers villi. These villi migrate toward the joint doing its devastation and anchylosis [ 1, 4 ] . In add-on, some research workers say the disease is influenced by familial, environmental, infective factors, and autoimmunity [ 3 ] .DiagnosisThe right diagnosing is the key to the planning of intervention at any phase of a disease. Diagnosis of RA is suspected chiefly by detecting, forenoon articulation stiffness, inflammation and puffiness of the articulations of more than 6 hebdomads continuance impacting the little articulations of the custodies and pess symmetrically, synovial puffiness and hypertrophy with an infiltrate of assorted inflammatory cells including lymph cells and macrophages. Presence of serum rhe umatoid factor, radiological characteristics of RA and periarticular osteoporosis are the characteristic characteristics of the disease, apart from other characteristics such as febrility, weariness, weight loss, vasculitis and arthritic nodules. keratoconjunctivitis, dry eyes, and dry oral cavity, are excess articular and systemic characteristics of RA. Confirmation of the diagnosing is done by blood trials, joint aspiration and radiologic imagination [ 1, 2 ] .Orthopedic malformations of Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis can impact any joint in the organic structure. But it involves the peripheral articulations more frequently and really seldom affects the larger articulations. Deformities in the manus Symmetrical peripheral puffiness of phalangeal and interphalangeal articulations. Ulnar divergence of the manus is due to rupture of the collateral ligaments at the metacarpophalangeal articulations. This leads to stealing of the extensor sinews from their channels towards the ulnar side. Boutonniere & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s ( button hole ) malformation is due to the rupture of cardinal enlargement of the fingers ensuing in flexure at the proximal interphalangeal articulations. Swan cervix malformation is due to the rupture or stretching of the palmar home base of the proximal interphalangeal articulations which enables the sinews to steal towards the dorsal side. Here there is hyperextension of the PIP articulation and flexure of the distal interphalangeal articulations. Trigger fingers and the trigger pollex are the nodules over the sinews. Deformities in the pes RA affects the whole pes which consists of forefoot mid pes and back pes. If it is in the fore pes patients may develop, hallux valgus malformation of the great toe, claw toes, callus over the back of the pes and the sole, broadening of the fore pes and the heel may demo valgus malformation. Deformities of the other articulations In the articulatio genus, patient may develop hempen anchylosis or bony anchylosis due to widespread devastation of the articular gristle by the pannus tissue. And besides causes the followerss such as flexure and valgus malformation of the articulatio genus.ManagementPharmacological direction Under pharmacological direction, Analgesics NSAIDs and DMARDs are the chief drug classs that are ordering for the intent of cut down the patterned advance of the disease and the symptoms such as redness, swelling and hurting. Normally Azathioprine, Cyclophospamide, Ciclosporin, Hydroxychloroquine, Leflunomide, Methotrexate, Penicillamine, Sulfasalazine are the major drugs which use for the direction of RA [ 3, 4 ] . Physiotherapeutic and rehabilitative direction in Rheumatoid Arthritis The chief intent of physical therapy direction for RA is to accomplish hurting alleviation and prevent joint harm and the functional loss. Physiotherapeutic and rehabilitative applications have significantly augmented medical therapy by cut downing the disabilities in day-to-day life for patients with RA. The basic PT program of attention for the patients who have RA include educate the patient, relieve hurting and musculus guarding, promote relaxation, minimise joint stiffness, maintain available gesture, minimise musculus wasting, and prevent malformation by protecting joint constructions. Inform the patient on importance of remainder, joint protection, energy preservation, and public presentation of scope of gesture ( ROM ) are the inaugural stairss of the patient instruction. Besides teach place exercising plan and activity alteration that conserve energy and minimise emphasis to vulnerable articulations will cut down the patterned advance of the disease. Application of physical therapy modes and intercessions include cold / heat applications, electrical stimulations, soft massage, immobilise in splint, relaxation technique and hydropathy are the intervention techniques which use to alleviate hurting, musculus guarding and to advance relaxation. Even though there are several physiotherapy agents that normally used in day-to-day pattern, most frequently their usage is based on the personal experiences of the physical therapist [ 5 ] . Cold is one of the most normally used physical agents which is utilizing in assorted types of creaky conditions particularly during the acute phase. Applications of cold battalions, Ice, cold air are some of the different methods of using cold therapy. Harmonizing to the pathology of RA, the enzymes ( gristle – destructing enzymes ) such as collagenase, elastaase, spreading factor and peptidase which are doing devastation of the joint construction are impacting by the temperature of local articulations. The normal intra-articular temperature is 33 0C, but it may be lift up to 36 0C in patient with RA. With temperature of 30 0C or lower, effects of these enzymes are negligibly little. Cold is impacting on the circulation of the local articulations and causes vasoconstriction which reduces the blood supply to the joint. Reduced force per unit area inside the blood vass consequences low unstable exudate which reduces swelling and hurting. Application of hot battalions is effectual for the chronic creaky hurting. Vasodilatation occurs with the heat and delivers extra blood in to the damaged tissues. Increased O and foods supply to the damaged tissues facilitate tissue mending. Heat therapy can be applied as hot battalions, dry hot towels, and every bit good as moist heat ( steam ) . Transdermal Electrical Nerve Stimulation ( TENS ) , signifier of electrical stimulation which uses to cut down the hurting perceptual experience. Harmonizing to the hurting gate theory, the electrical urges travel through the centripetal A-delta fibres which has connexions with substantia gelatinosa, elicit a negative response at T cells. Percept of hurting diminishes due to shutting of the hurting gate by negative response of the T cells. Application of electrodes over where the hurting is most intense is good to cut down the hurting perceptual experience. Passive or active assistive ROM within absolute bounds of hurting and gradual patterned advance as tolerated are required to minimise joint stiffness and maintain available gesture. Gentle grade I and II joint distraction and oscillation techniques are used to suppress hurting and minimise unstable stasis. In fact these techniques cut down the swelling significantly. Maintain normal muscular strength and prevent musculus wasting are indispensable to go independent in Activities of Daily Living ( ADL & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s ) . Gentle isometric exercisings in hurting free places and patterned advance as tolerated minimize musculus wasting caused due to inadequate musculus work. In the interim, usage of supportive and assistive equipment for all pathologically active articulations, good bed positioning while resting, and turning away of activities that stress the articulations must be practiced to forestall progressive joint malformation. The ultimate end of physical therapy program of attention for the patients with RA is to do them independent in their ADLs. However, there are some contraindications and safeguards that physical therapist should see before administer any PT intercession to patients. Joint distraction, oscillation technique, stretching and inactive ROM should be done with the utmost attention of hurting and tissue harm. Besides application of heavy opposition over affected articulations and vigorous stretching are contraindicated particularly when articulations are swollen. The thought of the text was to give an overall description about RA and its direction schemes related to physical therapy. However, be aftering intervention Sessionss and find necessary intercessions are the responsibilities of the healer and besides it depends on patients disease position. It is far beyond the range of this text.

Economic Problems of US

Most of the problems of the United States are related to the economy. One of the major issues facing the country today is social security. The United States was one of the last major industrialized nations to establish a social security system. In 1911, Wisconsin passed the first state workers compensation law to be held constitutional. At that time, most Americans believed the government should not have care for the aged, disabled or needy. But such attitudes changed during the Great Depression in the 1930's. In 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act. This aw became the basis of the U. S. social insurance system. It provided cash benefits to only retired workers in commerce or industry. In 1939, Congress amended the act benefit and dependent children of retired workers and widows and children of deceased workers. In 1950, the act began to cover many farm and domestic workers, non professional self employed workers, and many state and municipal employees. Coverage became nearly universal in 1956, when lawyers and other professional workers came under the system. Social security is a government program that helps workers and retired orkers and their families achieve a degree of economic security. Social security also called social insurance (Robertson p. 33), provides cash payments to help replace income lost as a result of retirement,unemployment, disability, or death. The program also helps pay the cost of medical care for people age 65 or older and for some disabled workers. About one-sixth of the people in the United States receive social security benefits. People become eligible to receive benefits by working in a certain period in a job covered by social security. Employers and workers finance the program through payroll taxes. Participation in the social security system is required for about 95percent of all U. S. workers. Social security differs from public assistance. Social security paysbenefits to individuals, and their families, largely on the basis of work histories. Public assistance, or welfare, aids the needy,regardless of their work records. All industrialized countries as well as many developing nations have a social security system. The social security program in the United states has three main parts. They are (1) old-aged, survivors, disability, and hospital insurance (OASDHI), (2) unemployment insurance; and (3) workers' compensation. This tax was to be taken from the payrolls of the nation's employers and employees. The government felt that, like unemployment benefits, the social security should be financed by those who got the greatest benefit, those who worked, and were liable to need those benefits in the A plan that would affect those only who had paid such a tax for a number of years would have done those who were currently suffering under the Depression no good at all. As a result, the social security plan began paying out benefits almost immediately to those who had been etired, or elderly and out of work, and who were unable, primarily because of the depressed economic conditions, to retire comfortably. In this way, the government was able to accomplish two objectives: first, it helped the economy pull out of the depression, by providing a means by which old people could support themselves and, by buying goods and services, support others in the community ; and second, it showed the younger workers of that time that they no longer had to fear living out their retirement years in fear of poverty. Therefore, the social security payroll tax has been used to provide enefits to those who otherwise would have little means of support, and as of this writing, there has never been a year when Social Security benefits were not paid due to lack of Social Security income. (Boskinp. 122) Social Security benefits increased 142% in the period between 1950-1972. not only the elderly, but many of the survivers, the widows and children, of those who paid into the Social Security system, have received social security checks. These checks have paid for the food shelters, and in many instances the college education of the recipients. Unlike private insurance firms, the United States Government does not have to worry about financial failure. Government bonds are considered the safest investment money can buy-so safe, they are considered â€Å"risk free† by many financial scholars. (Stein p. 198) The ability of the United States Government to raise money to meet the requirements of the social security should be no more in doubt than the governments ability to finance the national defense, the housing programs, the State Department, or any of the other activities that the federal governmentgets involved in. By paying out benefits equally to all participate in Social Security- that is by not relying so heavily on total payments in making the decision to pay out benefits, the system is able to pay benefits to people who otherwise may not be able to afford an insurance program that would provide them with as much protection. One of the main reasons for the government's involvement in this program, is its ability and its desire to provide insurance benefits or the poor and widowed, who under the private market, might not be able to acquire the insurance to continue on a financially steady course. The government, then, is in a totally unique position to pay outbenefits that would be out of the reach of many American families. Another great advantage of this system, is the ability of the government to adjust the benefits for the effects of inflation(Robertson p. 134) Private insurance plans are totally unable to adjust for the effects of inflation with complete accuracy. In order for an insurance company to make this adjustment, they would have to be able to see forty-five years into the future, with twenty-twenty vision. When a private pensionplan currently insures the twenty-year-old worker, it can only guarantee a fixed income when the worker reaches sixty-five and a fixed income is a prime victim of inflation (Robertson p. 332) In order to adjust for that inflation, the private insurance firm would have to be able to predict what the inflation rate will be from the moment the worker is insured until the day he dies, and then make the complexadjustments necessary to reflect this in the pension plan. An inflation estimate that is too small will result in the erosion of the workers retirement benefits. Because the government, unlike the private insurance firm, can guarantee that it will exist well into the future, and will have the continued income of the Social Security tax to draw upon, it can make on-the-spot adjustments for changes in the inflation rate. Some adjustments, in fact, have been automatic in the recent years, therefore relieving the pensioners of the periodic worry of whether this years benefits would be adjusted, or whether the level of payments would remain stable, thereby, relative to the cost of living, making them poorer that ever before(Stein p. ). In the face of the government's ability to make those necessary adjustments and to continually finance the Social Security program, many opponents of the system argue that the government programs are driving out the private insurance industry. The statistics remain otherwise. The social security tax is one of the fewest taxes in the United States, and the only federal tax in the country, that is given for a specific purpose. All other taxes are put into another fund, so that welfare programs, defense, pace projects, and the other categories of government spending are all financed from one giant, uncategorized bowl of tax revenues(boskin p. 62). When the Social Security system was first established, it was felt that a direct payroll tax, based on the pay of the worker and paid both by employer and employee, would be the fairest way for the people that were currently working to pay benefits to those who weren't working, as well as to provide for some future requirements and disabilities. Therefore, a specially constructed payroll tax was used to fund the program. By measuring the amount taken in by the tax to the amount, not only that is taken out, but to the amount that will be taken out in future years, opponents of the Social security system make the case that the system will be unable to keep itself in such a manner indefinitely. And, if Social Security were a private insurance program, it wouldn't. But the fact is that Social Security is not a private program. it is funded by the government. Further, the government is in a unique position to change the laws of commerce and contract to adjust the system, making it more responsive to the needs of the retired, which, in turn, would reduce their need for the Social Security benefits. For example, the United states Government should raise the mandatory retirement age. By raising the age to sixty-eight, the Social Security System could delay paying out benefits for several years to thousands of people, saving the system a significant amount of money in benefits. For these reasons, the government is in a position which cannot be compared to private industry. In this sense, looking at social security as an insurance program and comparing it to other insurance programs in the private system could easily give the impression that the system is gong bankrupt, when in the reality it isn't. The thing to keep in mind about the Social Security system, then, is this: the system itself is in no fundamental danger of collapse. There is only temporary, cash flow situation that must be carefully looked at. The federal government pays out 4. 5 billion more in Social Security benefits as it collects in taxes every year. In fact, $4. 5 billion is a small price, compared to the other programs the federal government now finances from general revenue. Besides tapping the general revenue fund and raising the retirement limit to 68 or even 70,the government has the option of raising the Social Security tax or even reducing the benefits slightly. The government has so many options with regard to financing the benefits that the question becomes of the cash management, not quite as significant as the huge deficits that the Social Security has been accused of having. The government is already under way to help alleviate this cash flow problem. Public officials have debated which of the various ways would help best serve the public interest, and legislative action has been taken that would ultimately result of the Social Security system to a positive cash base. This shift would provide the workers of America with the same benefits they have been guaranteed since 1935- and have been paid, and expanded ever since. The social security system has withstood forty years of changing economic conditions and greater concern of public welfare. What would replace the system, if the critics had their way? The social security system has saved an untold number of people from disaster throughout many years. Many of the nations old people- some as young as sixty-two, a few over a hundred, live from Social Security paycheck to Social security paycheck, with this government program as their livelihood.

Good Will Hunting Character Analysis

Introduction Social- Cognitive theory believes that humans are individuals who are capable of proactively making things happen to assist in their own development (Parajes, 2002). In Good Will Hunting, Will Hunting did not believe that he was able to make a positive change in his life. Will is a prodigy, particularly in mathematics, who did not recognize his gift. He was born and raised in the slums, where he is now comfortable. He was abandoned by his parents and in and out of numerous foster homes. He experienced abuse and neglect in these homes. He was not only physically abused but also mentally and psychologically.His ability to solve complicated mathematical equations caught the eye of a professor at the university where Will was employed. These equations had taken geniuses years to solve. The professor immediately took a liking to Will and desired to help him see his worth. He wanted Will to move forward in life. Will was not interested. His past failures influenced his decisio ns (Pajares, 2002). After seeing that Will was not at all interested, the professor seeked the help of his friend, a therapist. The therapist used empathy to assists Will. Wills view on life was negative. He does not feel he deserves a better life.His therapist helped him develop ways to change his behavioral pattern (Glanz, Rimer & Lewis, 2005). †¢Section 1: Character Personality Matrix †¢Theory †¢Major Components Structure Process Growth and Development Psychopathology Change 1. Social-Cognitive Theory In Social-Cognitive theory the mind contains schemas. Schemas are â€Å"preexisting ideas in the mind† (Pervin, Cervone & Oliver, 2005). We use schemas to make sense of the chaos around us (Pervin et. al, 2005). In Good Will Hunting, Will Hunting was abused and endured a hard life. His knowledge kept him and helped him make sense of his crazy world.He secretly answers difficult math problems at MIT, where he works as a janitor. He demonstrates many different sc hemas. Will Hunting has a negative self-schema. He believes he is worthless and deserves nothing better than the â€Å"southie† life he has. He is extremely intelligent, which could take him to greater places in life, but he doesn't feel he deserves it. He is scared of change and feels more comfortable in the world he grew up in. Will meets a girl who he falls in love with but will not allow himself to show her how he feels. He didn't want to accept her love for him because he felt he did not deserve it.Self-discrepancies have to be resolved to avoid conflict in one's self (Higgins, 1999). Growth and development occurs through observing and direct experience. Will was in need of therapy. He met with many therapists who were not able to connect with him. The choice of therapy used by these therapists was not effective. Will's issues stemmed from â€Å"distorted, incorrect and maladaptive cognitions concerning the self, others and events in the world† (Pervin et. al, p. 322, 2005). The one therapist that was able to eventually connect with Will was able to help him replace his maladaptive cognitions with realistic thoughts.This therapy is called Rational emotive-therapy (RET). Will was asked how he felt about different situations and what he said to himself. Cognitive Therapy was also used. Will's therapist told him about his relationship with his wife and the positive outcome of letting go and falling in love. This was something that Will was not accustomed to. Will was able to make changes in his life with the help of his therapy. He finally realized that he did not have to remain in the situation he was in. He finally accepted the fact that the negative things that affected his life were not his fault.In the end he accepted the love of a woman by leaving his hometown and following her to an unfamiliar place. He also now had the confidence to take on whatever employment or career that would come his way. 2. Rogers' Theory Rogers' phenomenological theory states that an individual tries to behave in the way that is consistent with their own structure (Pervin et. al, 2005). Will sees himself as a â€Å"southie†, a loser. To maintain congruence between his self-view and his experiences his acts out. He starts fights and stays in trouble. He doesn't seek anything better for himself.In Rogers' theory an individual strives for self-actualization. Will is brilliant and has knowledge about many topics. He reads a lot to keep himself knowledgeable. He answers difficult math problems that are put on a board at MIT, where he works as a janitor. In trying to maintain congruence between his self-view and his experiences he does not trust anyone. When someone tries to get close and help him he denies needing help. Will is defensive towards everyone he comes in contact with. He experiences incongruence with his cockiness of being smarter than most but he doesn't feel he deserves better than living as a nobody.Will's ability to push all his therapists and his girlfriend away shows his defensiveness. He keeps this tough boy attitude to make others not want to care about him because no one ever has. Rogers' pathology includes defensive maintenance of self (Pervin et al. , 2005). Will's therapist was concerned about Will and took an â€Å"active role in understanding the experiences of the client† (Pervin et al, p. 198, 2005). This therapy is called Client-Centered Therapy. The therapist doesn't try to change Will but accepts him as he is. Will eventually changes by embracing his new found relationship with his girlfriend and realizes his potential. Section 2: Application of Personality Theory †¢Theory Description and Rationale Social-Cognitive Theory (SCT) is the theory that describes hoe behavior is learned. SCT helps to determine how and why an individual behaves and thinks a certain way. The main idea of social-cognitive theory is that everyone develops their own schemas based on their experiences in life. â€Å"Schemas are knowledge structures that guide and organize the processing of information† (Capuzzi & Gross, 2005). When an individual hears a song on the radio that they have never heard before, it makes sense to the individual.The individual has developed schemas has to how the music is supposed to sound (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). We use schemas to make sense of our chaotic environment. In Good Will Hunting, the character Will Hunting came from a difficult and harsh environment. He lived his life based on these experiences. †¢Character Description Will Hunting is a young man who grew up in the slums of Boston. He went from foster home to foster home. In these homes he was abused and mistreated. He hung out with his closest friends, who are all trouble makers, below average knuckleheads. Yet, they were true and loyal to each other.Will, on the other hand, was a genius, a prodigy of math. He was determined not to let this side of him show. He stayed in a nd out of trouble with the law. He had no faith in himself. He possessed low self-efficacy, â€Å"a construct that reflects optimistic self- beliefs† (Lippke, Wiedemann, Ziegelman, Reuter & Schwarzer, 2009, p. 522). He believed that the deprived life he lived was all he was worthy of. He purposely destroyed his relationship with his girlfriend once he felt her love for him. He thought himself to be unworthy of it. He developed a negative self- schema. †¢Character Analysis †¢StructureIn Social-Cognitive theory the mind contains schemas. Schemas are â€Å"preexisting ideas in the mind† (Pervin, Cervone & Oliver, 2005). We use schemas to make sense of the chaos around us (Pervin et. al, 2005). In Good Will Hunting, Will Hunting was abused and endured a hard life. His knowledge kept him and helped him make sense of his crazy world. He secretly answers difficult math problems at MIT, where he works as a janitor. He demonstrates many different schemas. †¢Proce ss Will Hunting has a negative self-schema. He believes he is worthless and deserves nothing better than the â€Å"southie† life he has.He is extremely intelligent, which could take him to greater places in life, but he doesn't feel he deserves it. He is scared of change and feels more comfortable in the world he grew up in. Will meets a girl who he falls in love with but will not allow himself to show her how he feels. He didn't want to accept her love for him because he felt he did not deserve it. Self-discrepancies have to be resolved to avoid conflict in one's self (Higgins, 1999). †¢Growth and Development Growth and development occurs through observing and direct experience. Examining how an individual views life will assist in the development.Determining why an individual behaves a certain way is necessary. The causes of events are called attributions, which involve a casual factor responsible for an observed event (Pervin et al. , 2005). Will constantly heard what a failure he was. It's no surprise that he would believe that to be true. Will's therapist tries to reverse the misconception. He constantly told Will how bright he was and how much he could achieve. Will could either change his thoughts of himself based on this new or continue to believe what he's been told all his life. †¢Psychopathology Will was in need of therapy.He met with many therapists who were not able to connect with him. The choice of therapy used by these therapists was not effective. Will's issues stemmed from â€Å"distorted, incorrect and maladaptive cognitions concerning the self, others and events in the world† (Pervin et. al, p. 322, 2005). The one therapist that was able to eventually connect with Will was able to help him replace his maladaptive cognitions with realistic thoughts (Corey & Corey, 2007). This therapy is called rational emotive-therapy (RET). Will was asked how he felt about different situations and what he said to himself.Cognitive Th erapy was also used. Will's therapist told him about his relationship with his wife and the positive outcome of letting go and falling in love. This was something that Will was not accustomed to. †¢Change Will was able to make changes in his life with the help of his therapy. He finally realized that he did not have to remain in the situation he was in. He finally accepted the fact that the negative things that affected his life were not his fault. In the end he accepted the love of a woman by leaving his hometown and following her to an unfamiliar place.He also now had the confidence to take on whatever employment or career that would come his way. His expectations for himself were now higher. He was able to move forward and make positive changes in his life. †¢Internal and External Factors Internal and external factors shaped Will's personality. He felt unwanted, unloved and abandoned due to not being raised by his own family. He went from foster home to foster home bein g abused in each one. He did not know how to love or how to receive it because love was never shown to him. These factors made him the young man he was. Will did not recognize his potential.According to Bandura (1997) people base their actions and level of motivation on what they tend to believe and not on what is true. The positive feedback and encouragement from Will's therapist helped Will make a positive change. He constantly expressed to Will that he was worthy of having a good life and being loved. His best friend even tells him that he better not still be a â€Å"southie† fifty years from now. He let Will know that he saw the potential in him. Eventually Will made a break through after being told that everything negative that happened in his life was not his fault.He was able to embrace the positive things that were waiting for him. †¢Conclusion Use the BodyText Double style to type text in the conclusion. †¢Reference List Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: t he exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman Pervin, L. A. , Cervone, D. , & John, O. (2005). CST5214: Theories of personality (Custom). NY: Wiley. Pajares (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy. Retreived December 13, 2010, from http://www. emory. edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff. html Glanz, K. , Rimer, B. K. & Lewis, F. M. (2002). Health Behavior and Health Education. Theory, Research and Practice.San Francisco: Wiley & Sons. Lippke, S. , Wiedemann, A. , Ziegelmann, J. , Reuter, T. & Schwarzer, R. (2009). Self-Efficacy Moderates the mediation of intentions into behavior via plans. Ameriacn Journal of Health Behavior, 33(5), 521-529. Higgins, E. T. (1999). Persons or situations: Unique explanatory principles or variability in general principles? In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda (Eds. ), the coherence of personality: Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 61-93). New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press Corey, M. & Corey, G. (2007). Becoming a Helper 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.