“The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead” by Del Guárico

â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s living dead† by Del Guarico was a very interesting story o read. It shows how people of different places will believe something if they want or expect it to be true. This is especially true if it is deeply a part of their culture. In the story, this idea is illustrated through the examination of zombies in Haitian voodoo culture. The article describes a search by a Harvard student named Wade Davis for a drug causing zombie-like effects. Zombies are a fact of Haitian culture. When most people hear this they get their own perception about zombies and the culture. People in America tend to think of zombies as otherworldly and a source for tales of Horror and we are not more or less scared of the actually zombie, but the fact that we think that they can turn us into one. Davis soon finds this drug and discovers that zombies are faked in a material sense. They use the poison from the Japanese Fugu fish and other chemicals. He also found out that there is a secret society that is responsible for policing the society and the treat of zombification is a threat to keep everyone in line. He was not able to discover how common it was in Haiti He give credit for finding his answer on his approach. Some people might wonder why he wouldn't just make a general announcement and attempt to enlighten the Haitian people as to this fact. If he did that he would only be insulting they people and trying to take away the belief that they have had for hundreds of years.

Importance of Animal Behavior Essay

Why do animals behave the way they do? The answer to this question depends on what the behavior is. A cat chases a mouse to catch it. A spider spins its sticky web to trap insects. A mother dog nurses her puppies to feed them. All of these behaviors have the same purpose: getting or providing food. All animals need food for energy. They need energy to move around. In fact, they need energy just to stay alive. Baby animals also need energy to grow and develop. Birds and wasps build nests to have a safe place to store their eggs and raise their young. Many other animals build nests for the same reason. Animals protect their young in other ways, as well. For example, a mother dog not only nurses her puppies. She also washes them with her tongue and protects them from strange people or other animals. All of these behaviors help the young survive and grow up to be adults. Rabbits run away from foxes and other predators to stay alive. Their speed is their best defense. Lizards sun themselves on rocks to get warm because they cannot produce their own body heat. When they are warmer, they can move faster and be more alert. This helps them escape from predators, as well as find food. All of these animal behaviors are important. They help the animals get food for energy, make sure their young survive, or ensure that they survive themselves. Behaviors that help animals or their young survive increase the animals’ fitness. You read about fitness in the Evolution chapter. Animals with higher fitness have a better chance of passing their genes to the next generation. If genes control behaviors that increase fitness, the behaviors become more common in the species. This is called evolution by natural selection. Innate Behavior All of the behaviors shown in the images above are ways that animals act naturally. They don’t have to learn how to behave in these ways. Cats are natural-born hunters. They don’t need to learn how to hunt. Spiders spin their complex webs without learning how to do it from other spiders. Birds and wasps know how to build nests without being taught. These behaviors are called innate. An innate behavior is any behavior that occurs naturally in all animals of a given species. An innate behavior is also called an instinct. The first time an animal performs an innate behavior, the animal does it well. The animal does not have to practice the behavior in order to  get it right or become better at it. Innate behaviors are also predictable. All members of a species perform an innate behavior in the same way. From the examples described above, you can probably tell that innate behaviors usually involve important actions, like eating and caring for the young. There are many oth er examples of innate behaviors. For example, did you know that honeybees dance? The honeybee in Figure below has found a source of food. When the bee returns to its hive, it will do a dance, called the waggle dance. The way the bee moves during its dance tells other bees in the hive where to find the food. Honeybees can do the waggle dance without learning it from other bees, so it is an innate behavior. When this honeybee goes back to its hive, it will do a dance to tell the other bees in the hive where it found food. Learned Behavior Just about all other human behaviors are learned. Learned behavior is behavior that occurs only after experience or practice. Learned behavior has an advantage over innate behavior. It is more flexible. Learned behavior can be changed if conditions change. For example, you probably know the route from your house to your school. Assume that you moved to a new house in a different place, so you had to take a different route to school. What if following the old route was an innate behavior? You would not be able to adapt. Fortunately, it is a learned behavior. You can learn the new route just as you learned the old one. Although most animals can learn, animals with greater intelligence are better at learning and have more learned behaviors. Humans are the most intelligent animals. They depend on learned behaviors more than any other species. Other highly intelligent species include apes, our closest relatives in the animal kingdom. They include chimpanzees and gorillas. Both are also very good at learning behaviors. You may have heard of a gorilla named Koko. The psychologist Dr. Francine Patterson raised Koko. Dr. Patterson wanted to find out if gorillas could learn human language. Starting when Koko was just one year old, Dr. Patterson taught her to use sign language. Koko learned to use and understand more than 1,000 signs. Koko showed how much gorillas can learn. See A Conversation with Koko at http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/koko/ for additional information. Think about some of the behaviors you have learned. They might include riding a bicycle, using a computer, and playing a musical  instrument or sport. You probably did not learn all of these behaviors in the same way. Perhaps you learned some behaviors on your own, just by practicing. Other behaviors you may have learned from other people. Humans and other animals can learn behaviors in several different ways. The following methods of learning will be explored below: 1. Habituation (forming a habit). 2. Observational learning. 3. Conditioning. 4. Play. 5. Insight learning. Habituation Habituation is learning to get used to something after being exposed to it for a while. Habituation usually involves getting used to something that is annoying or frightening, but not dangerous. Habituation is one of the simplest ways of learning. It occurs in just about every species of animal. You have probably learned through habituation many times. For example, maybe you were reading a book when someone turned on a television in the same room. At first, the sound of the television may have been annoying. After awhile, you may no longer have noticed it. If so, you had become habituated to the sound. Another example of habituation is shown in Figure below. Crows and most other birds are usually afraid of people. They avoid coming close to people, or they fly away when people come near them. The crows landing on this scarecrow have gotten used to a â€Å"human† in this place. They have learned that the scarecrow poses no danger. They are no longer afraid to come close. They h ave become habituated to the scarecrow. This scarecrow is no longer scary to these crows. They have become used to its being in this spot and learned that it is not dangerous. This is an example of habituation. Can you see why habituation is useful? It lets animals ignore things that will not harm them. Without habituation, animals might waste time and energy trying to escape from things that are not really dangerous. Observational Learning Observational learning is learning by watching and copying the behavior of  someone else. Human children learn many behaviors this way. When you were a young child, you may have learned how to tie your shoes by watching your dad tie his shoes. More recently, you may have learned how to dance by watching a pop star dancing on TV. Most likely you have learned how to do math problems by watching your teachers do problems on the board at school. Can you think of other behaviors you have learned by watching and copying other people? Other animals also learn through observational learning. For example, young wolves learn to be better hunters by watching and copying the skills of older wolves in their pack. Another example of observational learning is how some monkeys have learned how to wash their food. They learned by watching and copying the behavior of other monkeys. Conditioning Conditioning is a way of learning that involves a reward or punishment. Did you ever train a dog to fetch a ball or stick by rewarding it with treats? If you did, you were using conditioning. Another example of conditioning is shown in Figure below. This lab rat has been taught to â€Å"play basketball† by being rewarded with food pellets. Conditioning also occurs in wild animals. For example, bees learn to find nectar in certain types of flowers because they have found nectar in those flowers before. This rat has been taught to put the ball through the hoop by being rewarded with food for the behavior. This is an example of conditioning. What do you think would happen if the rat was no longer rewarded for the behavior? Humans learn behaviors through conditioning, as well. A young child might learn to put away his toys by being rewarded with a bedtime story. An older child might learn to study for tests in school by being rewarded with better grades. Can you think of behaviors you learned by being rewarded for them? Conditioning does not always involve a reward. It can involve a punishment instead. A toddler might be punished with a time-out each time he grabs a toy from his baby brother. After several time-outs, he may learn to stop taking his brother’s toys. A dog might be scolded each time she jumps up on the sofa. After repeated scolding, she may learn to stay off the sofa. A bird might become ill after eating a poisonous insect. The bird may learn from this â€Å"puni shment† to avoid eating the same kind of insect in the future. Learning by Playing Most young mammals, including humans, like to play. Play is one way they learn skills they will need as adults. Think about how kittens play. They pounce on toys and chase each other. This helps them learn how to be better predators when they are older. Big cats also play. The lion cubs in Figure below are playing and practicing their hunting skills at the same time. The dogs in Figure below are playing tug-of-war with a toy. What do you think they are learning by playing together this way? Other young animals play in different ways. For example, young deer play by running and kicking up their hooves. This helps them learn how to escape from predators. These two lion cubs are playing. They are not only having fun. They are also learning how to be better hunters. Insight Learning Insight learning is learning from past experiences and reasoning. It usually involves coming up with new ways to solve problems. Insight learning generally happens quickly. An animal has a sudden flash of insight. Insight learning requires relatively great intelligence. Human beings use insight learning more than any other species. They have used their intelligence to solve problems ranging from inventing the wheel to flying rockets into space. Think about problems you have solved. Maybe you figured out how to solve a new type of math problem or how to get to the next level of a video game. If you relied on your past experiences and reasoning to do it, then you were using insight learning. One type of insight learning is making tools to solve problems. Scientists used to think that humans were the only animals intelligent enough to make tools. In fact, tool-making was believed to set humans apart from all other animals. In 1960, primate expert Jane Goodall discovered that chimpanzees also make tools. She saw a chimpanzee strip leaves from a twig. Then he poked the twig into a hole in a termite mound. After termites climbed onto the twig, he pulled the twig out of the hole and ate the insects clinging to it. The chimpanzee had made a tool to â€Å"fish† for termites. He had used insight to solve a problem. Since then, chimpanzees have been seen making several different types of tools. For example, they sharpen sticks and use them as spears for hunting. They use stones as hammers to crack open nuts. Scientists have also observed other species of animals making tools to solve problems. A crow was seen bending a  piece of wire into a hook. Then the crow used the hook to pull food out of a tube. An example of a gorilla using a walking stick is shown in Figure below. Behaviors such as these show that other species of animals can use their experience and reasoning to solve problems. They can learn through insight. This gorilla is using a branch as a tool. She is leaning on it to keep her balance while she reaches down into swampy water to catch a fish. Social Behavior Why is animal communication important? Without it, animals would not be able to live together in groups. Animals that live in groups with other members of their species are called social animals. Social animals include many species of insects, birds, and mammals. Specific examples of social animals are ants, bees, crows, wolves, and humans. To live together with one another, these animals must be able to share information. Highly Social Animals Some species of animals are very social. In these species, members of the group depend completely on one another. Different animals within the group have different jobs. Therefore, group members must work together for the good of all. Most species of ants and bees are highly social animals. Ants, like those in Figure below, live together in large groups called colonies. A colony may have millions of ants. All of the ants in the colony work together as a single unit. Each ant has a specific job. Most of the ants are workers. Their job is to build and repair the colony’s nest. Worker ants also leave the nest to find food for themselves and other colony members. The workers care for the young as well. Other ants in the colony are soldiers. They defend the colony against predators. Each colony also has a queen. Her only job is to lay eggs. She may lay millions of eggs each month. A few ants in the colony are called drones. They are the only male ants in the colony. Their job is to mate with the queen. The ants in this picture belong to the same colony. They have left the colony Honeybees and bumblebees also live in colonies. A colony of honeybees is shown in Figure don’t purge me. Each bee in the colony has a particular job. Most of the bees are workers. Young worker bees clean the colony’s hive and feed the young. Older worker bees build the waxy honeycomb or guard the hive. The oldest workers leave the hive to find food. Each colony usually has one queen that lays eggs. The colony also has a small number of male drones. They mate with the queen. All the honeybees in this colony work together. Each bee has a certain job to perform. The bees are gathered together to fly to a new home. How do you think they knew it was time to gather together? Cooperation Ants, bees, and other social animals must cooperate. Cooperation means working together with others. Members of the group may cooperate by sharing food. They may also cooperate by defending each other. Look at the ants in Figure below. They show clearly why cooperation is important. A single ant would not be able to carry this large insect back to the nest to feed the other ants. With cooperation, the job is easy. These ants are cooperating. By working together, they are able to move this much larger insect prey back to their nest. At the nest, they will share the insect with other ants that do not leave the nest. Animals in many other species cooperate. For example, lions live in groups called prides. A lion pride is shown in Figure below. All the lions in the pride cooperate. Male lions work together to defend the other lions in the pride. Female lions work together to hunt. Then they share the meat with other pride members. Another example is meerkats. Meerkats are small mammals that live in Africa. They also live in groups and cooperate with one another. For example, young female meerkats act as babysitters. They take care of the baby meerkats while their parents are away looking for food. Members of this lion pride work together. Males cooperate by defending the pride. Females cooperate by hunting and sharing the food. Mating Behavior Some of the most important animal behaviors involve mating. Mating is the pairing of an adult male and female to produce young. Adults that are most successful at attracting a mate are most likely to have offspring. Traits  that help animals attract a mate and have offspring increase their fitness. As the genes that encode these traits are passed to the next generation, the traits will become more common in the population. Courtship Behaviors In many species, females choose the male they will mate with. For their part, males try to be chosen as mates. They show females that they would be a better mate than the other males. To be chosen as a mate, males may perform courtship behaviors. These are special behaviors that help attract a mate. Male courtship behaviors get the attention of females and show off a male’s traits. Different species have different courtship behaviors. Remember the peacock raising his tail feathers in Figure above? This is an example of courtship behavior. The peacock is trying to impress females of his species with his beautiful feathers. Another example of courtship behavior in birds is shown in Figure below. This bird is called a blue-footed booby. He is doing a dance to attract a female for mating. During the dance, he spreads out his wings and stamps his feet on the ground. . This blue-footed booby is a species of sea bird. The male pictured here is doing a courtship Courtship behaviors occur in many other species. For example, males in some species of whales have special mating songs to attract females as mates. Frogs croak for the same reason. Male deer clash antlers to court females. Male jumping spiders jump from side to side to attract mates. Courtship behaviors are one type of display behavior. A display behavior is a fixed set of actions that carries a specific message. Although many display behaviors are used to attract mates, some display behaviors have other purposes. For example, display behaviors may be used to warn other animals to stay away, as you will read below. Caring for the Young In most species of birds and mammals, one or both parents care for their offspring. Caring for the young may include making a nest or other shelter. It may also include feeding the young and protecting them from predators. Caring for offspring increases their chances of surviving. Birds called killdeers have an interesting way to protect their chicks. When a predator gets too close to her nest, a mother killdeer pretends to have a broken wing. The mother walks away from the nest holding her wing as though it is  injured. This is what the killdeer in Figure below is doing. The predator thinks she is injured and will be easy prey. The mother leads the predator away from the nest and then flies away. This mother killdeer is pretending she has a broken wing. She is trying to attract a predator In most species of mammals, parents also teach their offspring important skills. For example, meerkat parents teach their pups how to eat scorpions without being stung. A scorpion sting can be deadly, so this is a very important skill. Teaching the young important skills makes it more likely that they will survive. Defending Territory Some species of animals are territorial. This means that they defend their area. The area they defend usually contains their nest and enough food for themselves and their offspring. A species is more likely to be territorial if there is not very much food in their area. Animals generally do not defend their territory by fighting. Instead, they are more likely to use display behavior. The behavior tells other animals to stay away. It gets the message across without the need for fighting. Display behavior is generally safer and uses less energy than fighting. Male gorillas use display behavior to defend their territory. They pound on their chests and thump the ground with their hands to warn other male gorillas to keep away from their area. The robin in Figure below is also using display behavior to defend his territory. He is displaying his red breast to warn other robins to stay away. The red breast of this male robin is easy to see. The robin displays his bright red chest to defend his territory. It warns other robins to keep out of his area. Some animals deposit chemicals to mark the boundary of their territory. This is why dogs urinate on fire hydrants and other objects. Cats may also mark their territory by depositing chemicals. They have scent glands in their face. They deposit chemicals by rubbing their face against objects. Cycles of Behavior Many animal behaviors change in a regular way. They go through cycles. Some cycles of behavior repeat each year. Other cycles of behavior repeat every day. Yearly Cycles An example of a behavior with a yearly cycle is hibernation. Hibernation is a state in which an animal’s body processes are slower than usual and its body temperature falls. An animal uses less energy than usual during hibernation. This helps the animal survive during a time of year when food is scarce. Hibernation may last for weeks or months. Animals that hibernate include species of bats, squirrels, and snakes. Most people think that bears hibernate. In fact, bears do not go into true hibernation. In the winter, they go into a deep sleep. However, their body processes do not slow down very much. Their body temperature also remains about the same as usual. Bears can be awakened easily from their winter sleep. Instinctual behavior One type of instinctual behavior is fixed action patterns, which are behaviors the animal is compelled to engage in. For instance, some birds will raise the chicks of other birds if the eggs are put in their nests during nesting season, because caring for an egg is a fixed action pattern. Another instinctual behavior is imprinting, wherein a baby animal accepts a person, or even an item, as a surrogate mother. Sexual behavior is also instinctual, bolstered by play, which helps animals learn courtship and mating skills. Many of these behaviors are dictated by specific body systems, like the nervous system, which responds to stimuli in the environment. Learned behavior Learned behavior is important both for wild animals, who must learn specific and new ways to survive, and for domestic animals that we seek to train. Animals can learn to anticipate that an action will have a predictable outcome through trial and error, such as dog learning to sit for a treat. This is called operant conditioning. They can also learn that one event precedes another, such as the sound of a metal food bowl being moved signaling food being served, which is known as associative learning. Animals also learn a lot through watching others and mimicry. All of these behaviors allow an animal to adapt to new situations and problems. Abnormal behavior Identifying behavior patterns enables people to determine when animals are  behaving abnormally. These abnormal behaviors might simply be annoying to animal owners; however, in other instances they may also be dangerous for the animal and others or even threaten their very survival. For example, inappropriately aggressive dogs, which might be suffering from disease or trauma, are potentially dangerous to themselves and others. The behavior may be addressed if it is identified as abnormal and normal behavior is reestablished. More important to species survival are mating and raising offspring, and in these cases abnormal behavior that leads to failure to mate or care for offspring can present a threat to the animal’s long-term survival.

Deponds on what proverbs you choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deponds on what proverbs you choose - Essay Example The book of proverbs provides a wide coverage of money, the way it should be acquired and utilized in the society. In proverbs (11: 24) the Bible states that ‘one man gives freely, yet gains even more; another withholds unduly, but comes to poverty’. The meaning of this verse is that those who withhold money have little chances of succeeding or making profits. This verse provides an incentive for each person to use money for investment (Marr, 2006). While business is risky, investing gives money opportunity to make profits. Secondly, this verse may refer to organizations that hold profits by minimizing employees’ wages (Morris and Morris, 2004). While such organization may make high profits in the short term, in the long term, they are likely to make losses as employees lose focus on the organizational goals. The question of business expenditure has attracted a lot of attention in the contemporary business environment. Business managers are faced with the dilemma of optimizing profits at the expense of their employees or vice versa. The issue of corporate social responsibility has pushed the organizations to further consider their investment strategies. Research has shown that for an organization to remain profitable in the long term, it is crucial that it takes care of the employee welfare by spending on decent wages and employee comfort. The idea of the bible (Proverbs, 11:25) that a generous many will prosper while one who refreshes others will also be refreshed points out to the benefits that an organization gains for remaining generous to their employees (Marr, 2006). When an organization pays its workers well it enjoys optimal profits due employee loyalty and high labour turnover (Morris and Morris, 2004). Business conduct is one of the most crucial factors in a business environment. The way an employee or employer behaves in

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Communication - Essay Example One very important area of communication where I feel need for personal improvement is oral and public communication. Oral and public communication forms a major part of our lives as the communication that takes place, majority of them takes place in oral form. Thus, it is very important to focus on this part of communication as it can really make or change our lives. There are many examples in our daily lives that can be linked to this type of communication. For instance, relationship manager in a bank is responsible for approaching the customers and develop relationship with them through this type of communication. Similarly, a lecturer in a university transfers most of the data to its students by communicating orally. A politician a leader or a reformer addresses the public by communicating with them orally. However, what if a manager is not able to communicate with the customers effectively because of poor oral and public communication skills, a lecturer fails to make his student understand the topic, or a politician fails to draw attention of the mob towards what he has to say? In order to avoid this scenario, we must focus on certain aspects that can make us better at oral and public communication. Following things should be kept in mind for oral communication: A speaker should always use appropriate volume level. It should not be too low so people have difficulty in listening to you and it should not be too high. The volume should be adjusted according to the situation as for instance, when addressing a mob speaker must be loud and clear so that he can effectively transfer his message. Similarly, if we are talking to a person who is standing near us then we should talk with a polite tone. The main goal should be to ensure that everyone understands what we want to say without straining their ear or by irritating them by speaking too loudly. The speaker should be assertive in what he has to say. For

Architecture and the Human Body Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Architecture and the Human Body - Thesis Example Architecture is not just about the construction of the building but the totality of the thought process involved in conceptualizing the architectural design. When it comes to the subject of construction, human body and nature can be an appropriate source of inspiration. Designing with an understanding of the human body allows the architect to bring about a structure with complete physical balance and tranquility.Unfortunately, the architects of the current age, seldom utilize the design of divine when practicing their profession. Every human creation can reflect harmony and balance once it is performed in compliance with the anatomy of nature. The entire universe rests on a certain geometrical pattern and if anything constructed with human intelligence does not balance with it, can bring forth chaos. The art of architecture Architecture is an immense artistic work which requires thinking unlike any form of art. It demands thinking of an individual at higher proportion and deals more with the utilization of space in a creative way. In this art, an architect’s responsibility not just concerned with the clients, but to the people using the building and the public as a whole. But the saddening fact is that an architect hardly has the freedom which an artist own in relation to his creation. An artist can flow with his thoughts, but an architect has to keep in mind the practicability and usability of his creation. The primary objective of any building is to provide a sound shelter and this when done with little creative thought can make wonders. Architecture is a task which creatively collaborates mass, volume, space, light, shadow, texture, materials and pragmatic elements like construction, cost, and technology. This very aspect gives distinction to architecture from engineering that which mainly works on the use of materials and forms in accordance with mathematical and scientifical principles. The architectural works often depict the cultural and political aspect of a nation. It portrays the artistic and creative skill of a particular culture and depicts their ideas and concepts in a nutshell. The great civilizations of the history have astounded many with their outstanding architectural achievements. The monuments like Egyptians pyramid.Taj Mahal and the Roman Colosseum are the great examples of architectural wonders which can find no match on earth. It is a very surprising fact that the architectural work created by Egyptians and Greek civilization which stood out in the history was an inspiration from the human body design. They were so impressed by the human body that they incorporated the human body pattern into their architectural work. The symmetrical harmony existing between various parts of the body is indeed a thing to ponder on and applied on to the constructional art. A building can be more humanized and made accessible to people by designing it with a divine equation.

DQ #5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DQ #5 - Essay Example Lastly, the pie chart is important in showing the competitive position of a company against its competitors. Shares of companies in an industry are illustrated through pie chart as well as the contribution of sales among geographic locations. Misleading graphs becomes a problem in portraying the real situation. This is as worse as distorting the data set as these are both done in order to exaggerate and convey wrong information to the reader. The graph on the equity market posted on Yahoo finance (http://finance.yahoo.com/marketupdate/overviewu) is an example of a misleading graph. It should be noted that the Dow and Nasdaq markets are shown in two line graphs which uses different intervals. Also, the graphs are misleading because the horizontal axes did not start at zero making the movements in composite price indices appear very large even if this is not the case. This problem can be remedied by displaying the performances of Dow and Nasdaq on one graph. Also, the horizontal axis should start at zero in order to give investors an appropriate view on the changes in composite price indices. The use of focus group can be very helpful in gathering qualitative data especial

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Research Proposal Example This sentiment is supported by Van Belle (2000) who argues that political figures within a government structure are pressured to make socially-relevant decisions within the constant presence of the camera, hence media serving as a force to drive political transparency in decision-making and communications. Without media serving as a medium for educating political thought and providing society members with knowledge regarding the behaviors of political representatives, the public would have inferior knowledge about governance activities and political decision-making. In the early 2000s, after the events of September 11, 2001, political ideology in American society changed as a result of media coverage of the George W. Bush political administration and its efforts to curb the spread of terrorism in the United States. In Western nations, such as the United States, the slaughter of civilians is believed, at the social level, to be barbaric and monstrous (Atawneh, 2009). The acting President Bush led a media-driven campaign to publicize his stance on terrorism which emphasized that these terrorist actors were evil and reprehensible, with this discourse influencing American society members to view Middle Easterns as malevolent and immoral (Graham, Keenan & Dowd, 2004). The President, using media as a forum to spread this politically-motivated ideology, utilized the phrase us versus them, where â€Å"us† was representative of peaceful individuals and â€Å"them† as foreign opponents of democratic lifestyle and peace-loving society (Leuda r & Marsland, 2004). Media coverage of Bush’s ideology toward terrorism influenced American society to adopt his political views related to the terror campaign, giving Bush more social clout which ultimately led to society’s political action to elect Bush for a second term. The media, hence, served as the fundamental influence to change political thought of American citizens, with media-covered political rhetoric

Anthropology Reading Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthropology Reading Analysis - Essay Example In Anne Fausot-Sterling's article, â€Å"The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are not Enough,† Ann summarizes her opinions why the two dominant gender identities, which are socially, and medically accepted are not adequate in classifying every gender. Most modern societies accept the two obvious sexes: male, identified by having testicles and a penis and a Y-chromosome, and female, identified as having a clitoris and vagina, developed breasts, and deficient a Y-chromosome. Although the two genders mentioned above are undoubtedly the dominant sex groups, Fausto-Sterling maintains that there are many more intersexual existing in societies worldwide for them to be assumed as being abnormal incidences of nature. In a bid to reinforce her claim, Ann alludes to Johns Hopkins University psychologist John Money, who suggested the possibility that intersexual may constitute as much as 4 percent of the total births. Arguing from a world’s point of view, taking the world's total po pulation to be 7 billion, this would imply that there may be as many as 280 million intersexual on the planet. The author also defined the considerations of her five-sex classification system. We first have the well-known male and female, and then we have three other lesser-known groups. These include, but not limited to hermaphrodites, having one testis and also one ovary, male pseudo hermaphrodites, having certain features of the female genitalia and testes, but no ovaries, and female pseudo hermaphrodites, having some features of male genitalia and ovaries, but without testes. Today’s Society continues to be male controlled. In addition, scientific terms reflect a macho society. In her article, â€Å"The Egg and the Sperm: How Science has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles,† Martin maintains that Scientific writing has attempted to present the egg and the sperm with feminine and masculine characteristics respectively. This shows the sperm as the authoritative aggressor while the egg assumes a weak position. This perspective according to Martin is influenced by cultural stereotypes. Recently, the researchers Johns Hopkins University concluded that the sperm and egg attract together because of adhesive molecules on each surface. The egg traps the sperm and continues to wiggle ineffectively. However, this new account of the role of the sperm and the egg did little to help change the stereotype saga. Researchers most of whom made the discoveries continued to err in their time worn metaphor of the sperm being the active member which penetrates the egg. In conclusion, Martin compels us to correct one’s thinking about the science of one’s reproduction. Being conscious not to project stereotyped cultural imagery into studies will help improve one’s capability in understanding nature and avoid harm caused by gender bias in society. M. Miedzien’s intention of writing this article, â€Å"Real men, wimps, and one’s national security was to address the pending issue that failure to equip boys with masculine values will result in raising harmless male who will do anything to avoid violence and war. According to some, this may promote national disaster since other nations train their men ready to fight at the slightest provocation. The realists will say one’s national security is at stake.† He wanted to put this objection to rest, but his intention changed when he initiated his

4 short questions about American history Coursework

4 short questions about American history - Coursework Example In the mid-1800s, most of the American women had substantially gained a lot in the education standard with most having secured legal rights and increased accessibility to goods manufactured. Most of the women in the Northern part of America became partisan in efforts towards reforms, removal of slavery, improvement of prisons and colonizing of persons that were formerly slaves. However, many of the women lived a life that mainly concentrated on their households, gardens, crops and their immediate families. A majority of them lived in the reserve areas towards the end of the civil war mainly performing manual and physical duties in their households. Over two hundred and fifty females have been noted into participated in the war for adventure and the urge to accompany their husbands. Some did so to earn a living for their families while others were dedicated to the cause. In that regard, women were partisan in every major battle including the 1862s Battle of Shiloh where six women were present. Those women who acted as spies and nurses were close to the front line for instance Tennessees Mary Ann Pitman. The expectation from the men was not to have women as part of politics (DEMÄ °R, 2006). They did not even imagine that these women could be used to transfer confidential information. On the contrary, these women took up the challenge and acquired very critical information from their counterpart enemies. Women referred to as Unionist and Confederate furthered their individual causes through getting information about their competitors and passing it to the men. They hid information under their skirts and parasols. Notably, Nashvi lles Mary Frances spied and did smuggle for the Confederacy. Some of the duties the women performed during the war were carried forth into the current society. They include Nursing, which was greatly linked to the women in civil war. Clara Barton advanced this

Return on Investment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Return on Investment - Assignment Example It is highly essential that trainers are able to estimate the ROI, cost benefit analysis and break even analysis as they need all these to assess the financial viability of training projects. A high ROI project may definitely be worth it but computing the cost benefit analysis side by side would also enable a trainer to estimate how much benefit can be obtained per unit of cost and decide if the project is even worth entering into (Powell, 2008). As for breakeven analysis, trainers need to use this measure to figure out when exactly will they be able to cover the costs they have spent in training and then start making profits as they might need this information for project budgeting and planning needs. Further on if a choice is to be made between mutually exclusive projects, than these measures would aid trainers in deciding what’s the best project to go ahead with. Thirdly and finally, the computation of these measures will aid training endeavors when they alter/re-plan their training projects to achieve the maximum benefit out of it or to cut down on their costs (Young and Aitken,

History of Internet Essay Example for Free

History of Internet Essay The term ‘Internet’ was coined on October 24, 1995. However the origin of the internet and related concepts are much older. The present day Internet is the revolutionized face of the nascent day communication system and is the most successful examples of benefits of sustained investment and commitment to information infrastructure (Leiner et al. , 2003). The unprecedented integration of collaboration, dissemination embarked by a series of gradual changes that the society has undergone with respect to the communication and connectivity needs. As described by Kristula (1997), it was in 1957 that the USA formed ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) within the DoD (Department of Defence) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military. Until 1960’s, the computers operated almost exclusively in batch mode, where programs were punched on stacks of cards and assembled into batches for the data to be fed in the local computer center. The need for the time sharing system had already set the stage for research and development work to make the time sharing possible on the computer systems. In an article, Hauben (1995), stated that the time sharing system led the foundation for the Interactive Computing, where the user could communicate and respond to the computers responses in a way that batch processing did not allow. Both Robert Taylor and Larry Roberts, future successors of Licklider as director of ARPAs IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office), pinpoint Licklider as the originator of the vision which set ARPAs priorities and goals and basically drove ARPA to help develop the concept and practice of networking computers. Licklider has been described as the father of modern day network, having laid the seeds of the Intergalactic network, the initial prototype of the Internet today. The vision of the interconnection and interaction of diverse communities guided the creation of the original ARPANET. The APRANET pioneered important breakthroughs in computer networking technology and the ability to collaborate and use dispersed resources (Winston, 1998). In 1962, Paul Baran, a RAND research worker introduced the concept of ‘Packet Switching’, while working towards the need of the U.  S. government to take command and control of any kind of nuclear attack. Packet switching was crucial to realization of computer networks and described breaking down of data into ’message blocks’ known as packets / datagrams, which were labeled to indicate the origin and the destination. Baran’s scheme was aided by telephone exchange methodology being used by information theory. The data was now sent in discrete packages around a network to achieve the same result – a more even flow of data through the entire network. The same concept also developed by British computer pioneer Donald Watt known as Davies’s Pilot Ace. Baran’s Distributive Adaptive Message Blockswitching became Watt Davies’s ‘Packet Switching’. The first host connected to the ARPANET was the SDS Sigma-7 on Sept. 2, 1969 at the UCLA (University of California in Los Angeles) site. It began passing bits to other sites at SRI (SDS-940 at Stanford Research Institute), UCSB (IBM 360/75 at University of California Santa Barbara), and Utah (Dec PDP-10 at the University of Utah). This was the first physical network and was wired together via 50 Kbps circuits. ARPANET at this stage used NCP (Network Control Protocol). By 1973, development began on TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) and then in 1974, the term ‘Internet’ was used in a paper on TCP/IP. The development of Ethernet, in 1976, supported high speed movement of data using coaxial cables and led the foundation for the LAN (Local Area Network). Packet satellite project, SATNET, went live connecting the US with Europe. Around the same time, UUCP (Unix –to-Unix Co Py) was being developed by ATT Bell Labs. The need to link together those in Unix Community triggered the development of the Usenet in 1979. Using homemade auto dial modems and the UUCP, the Unix shell and the find command (that were being distributed with the Unix OS), Bellovin, wrote some simple shell scripts to have the computers automatically call each other up and search for changes in the date stamps of the files. The Usenet was primarily organized around News net and was called as the ‘Poor Man’s ARPANET’, since joining ARPANET needed political connections was costly too. Woodbury, a Usenet pioneer from Duke University, described how News allowed all interested persons to read the discussion, and to (relatively) easily inject a comment and to make sure that all participants saw it. However, owing to the slow speed, the coding language was soon changed to ‘C’, thus becoming the first released version of Usenet in C programming popularly known as A News. By 1983, TCP/IP replaced NCP entirely and the DNS (Domain Name System) was created so that the packets could be directed to a domain name where it would be translated by the server database into the corresponding IP number. Links began to be created between the ARPANET and the Usenet as a result of which the number of sites on the Usenet grew. New T1 lines were laid by NSF (National Science Foundation). The Usenet took an unexpected explosion, from 2 articles per day posted on 3 sites in 1979, to 1800 articles per day posted at 11000 sites by 1988. By 1990, the T3 lines (45 Kbps capacity) replaced the T1 lines and the NSFNET formed the new backbone replacing the ARPANET. The beginning of 1992 marked the establishment of a chartered Internet Society and the development of the World Wide Web. The first graphical user interface, named ‘Mosaic for X,’ was developed on the World Wide Web. By 1994, the Commercialization of the Internet emerged in the form of the first ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) was installed on the NSFNET. The free access of the NSFNET was blocked and fee was imposed on domains. This describes the series of events that shaped the history for the past two decades, ever since Internet came into existence. The Internet technology is continuously changing to accommodate the needs of yet another generation of underlying network technology. Hoping that the process of evolution will manage itself, we look forward to a new paradigm of Internet Services.

Astronomy Story Essay Example for Free

Astronomy Story Essay The day my life would change for ever was April 16th, 2013. This was the day that I left planet earth and embarked on one of the most important missions in NASA’s history. I should probably back up though, and explain to you how this came about. April 16th was sunny with only a few clouds in the sky, the smell of spring was in the air and with the end of second semester right around the corner, the quad was packed with people eager to catch some much desired sun rays. Unfortunately for me though I was stuck in astronomy. That day’s topic was our very own planet earth. Dr. Bozyan was lecturing about how planet Earth was actually very wet, that nearly 71% of earths surfaced is covered with water. I learned that while other worlds of the solar system have atmospheres, only Earths contains the oxygen that we humans and animals need to survive. I had really hoped that wasn’t true because I had big aspirations of one day living on mars. We learned about about the greenhouse effect and how clouds, snow, ice and sand reflect about 31% of the incoming sunlight back into space. The earth though also emits radiation into space because of its temperature. Fighting off the urge to day dream about the nice weather, I managed to also learn how Earths magnetic field produces a magnetosphere that traps particles from the solar wind. Like the motions of Earths tectonic plates, Earths magnetic field results from our planets internal heat. The last thing I wrote down in that class was a few interesting notes about how human activity such as Deforestation, burning of fossil fuels and industrial chemicals are damaging the ozone layer in the stratosphere. As I was seconds away from reaching freedom to the the spring air, Dr. Bozyan approached me and told me that she had a question for me. She was talking though in a soft almost secretive tone. She went on for about 10 minutes how she worked for a top secret NASA program that was interested in sending me on a mission. I laughed at that, it sounded like a calvin and Hobbs comic strip that I see in the Sunday paper. She went on and told me that the the great space race between Russia and the U.S.A. had never ended and that there was a race to gather observations from all nine planets in the solar system. They had top secret technology that would allow for this mission to be completed in only one week. The only catch was that it was so secret that I would be launching out of the URI planetarium that night, and that I couldn’t tell anybody where I was going. Me being the adventurous type decided this would be a great opportunity to become famous and in the process get to see some landmarks like the milky way and the man on the moon. Within hours I was in my very first space shuttle and on my way to the moon. The fastest time to the moon was 8 hours and 35 minutes by NASA’s New Horizons pluto mission. It was only going to take me 2 hours and 31 minutes and I was only supposed to stop at the moon for fuel because it was determined information about the outer planets was more important and we were trying to complete the mission in the quickest possible time. As the man on the moon figure approached within eye shot, I began to observe and take note of anything I could. Even though NASA had already explored the moon, that was no excuse for me not to absorb any observations of the moon for myself. I quickly began to observe that the moon was very dry and its surface was covered with plains and craters that is caused by the moon being bombarded by meteoric material also known as impact craters. As we touched down I quickly decided to throw on my space suit and check out the moon and its surroundings. I immediately found out that there was no atmosphere and no global magnetic field as it felt as if I were floating and that there was no gravity holding me down. There also appeared to be no liquid water of any kind. I realized that the 3476 km diameter of the moon was really just a spec in the cloudless pitch black sky of space. My last observation of the moon as my shuttle was just about done filling up was that it was pretty cold out. It was about -180 degrees Celsius that night, much colder then I was used too. Luckily though, I also packed my arctic ready winter hat and jacket. Next stop would be Venus. As the count down began to lift off I wondered if Venus had a â€Å"man on the moon†. On my way to Venus I decided that I should probably make myself a well deserved meal. I was gawking into the bag labeled food, in red sharpie that was handed to me right before take off, there was no pop tarts or my favorite barbecue chips . After much debate and thought, I narrowed my choice to a cup of NASA’S finest freeze dried ice cream. As we started to approach what I assumed was Venus but couldn’t tell until we landed because of the clouds that were hiding its surface from view. The first thing that I noticed was the size. It seemed to be about the same size of earth, I had always thought of Venus being smaller then earth. What I also observed, was that practically the whole surface was covered in lava! I felt like I was in some sort of sci-fi movie. Luckily for me I had a space suit because without it, I would have exploded. My Pressure meter on the left arm of my suit was telling me that the pressure was 90 atmospheres, which would be 90 times greater then the average air pressure at sea level on Earth. The temperature of Venus was very hot and I know that that was in my favor because if the temperature wasn’t so hot, the clouds would open up with a rain of sulfuric acid, and believe me I did not want that. I stored these mental snap shots in my head and finished the last of my notes and prepared for take off to Mercury. Mercury was definitely going to be one of the planets that I had to pay very close attention to when taking notes because only half of its surface had been viewed recently. Mercury was also going to be interesting to see because it has a very unique axis rotation, spinning three times on its axis for every two orbits around the sun. The first thing that I noticed on Mercury was that there was almost no atmosphere on the planet. That was pretty obvious because the planet looked life less and fried. I wrote in my observation notes that Mercury fried, literally because there was no atmosphere to protect against the harsh radiation of the sun. Mercury from my first view out the window reminded me a lot of the moon, there were craters every where. Mercury also from observation was definitely on the smaller side. As my time on Mercury was coming to a end, I realized that Mercury was a very boring planet to look at, only craters and low lying plains and cliffs. After the short trip from Mercury past Venus, Earth and the moon I approached Mars. I figured I could get a jump start on finding a future plot of land, for when humans were on Mars. As I approached Mars, I could see that the planet was full of craters. I was to stay on Mars for a full 12 hours while my rocket fueled up to make the trip to the outer planets. What I observed in those 12 hours was very interesting to me. I witnessed some incredible sights like vast canyons some 20,000 ft high, giant mountains and sand dunes. The air was very dusty and left a orange tint in the air. I quickly learned also that there was little atmosphere because as night started to fall tempters fell very rapidly and quickly well below 0. My rocket was fueled up again and it was time for take off. As I sat down in my space craft, I noticed that Mars definitely lived up to its nick name of the red planet because my white space suit was now covered in red dust. Just like that though, it was time to leave Mars and head straight to the big guys, Jupiter and Saturn. I quickly learned that Jupiter was just as advertised; very big! I could see Jupiter from my rocket almost the whole trip there. Jupiter was very bright definitely brighter then any star I had ever seen. I noticed the dark and light bands as they appeared from the space craft window, I learned later on that these are called belts( darker bands) and zones( lighter bands). Jupiter was very hard to land because there was no solid surfaces. Using a scientific tool on the space craft I was able to determined that Jupiter made up almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, with some other trace gases. For this case it was very hard for me to take observations since I could not actually get out and explore Jupiter. For the lack of mobility and time I was quickly just like that on my way to to explore the great ring planet of Saturn. While approaching Saturn the ring that it is most famous for was very visible, I actually managed to ta ke a photo with my space issued camera that was provided to me by NASA. Saturn was also huge although not as big as Jupiter it was definitely the second biggest thing I had ever seen, the first thing obviously being Jupiter. Like Jupiter I was unable to land on Saturn because of the chemical make up being mostly hydrogen and helium but the observations I was able to take away were that Saturn’s rings were made of thousands of narrow, closely spaced ringlets. Uranus and Neptune were next and if I wanted to make this trip in one week, I had to say good bye to the two gas giants and say hello to the trans-Saturnian planets. The two sister planets Uranus and Pluto were very much alike. My time on both planets were relatively the same experience. I was able to observe that both planets had many moons. Also the atmosphere on both planets was generally the same made up of mostly hydrogen and helium indicated by special tools on board the space craft. The one difference I did notice between these two sisters, is that Uranus actually rotates clock wise instead of counter clock wise. My visit with Uranus and Neptune was short and sweet. I packed my space craft and prepared it for lift off. 3..2..1 blast off were the words that I heard through the microphone that was hooked up with NASA. I awoke laying in the quad. The sun was high in the sky and there was a slight breeze. I realized that I had accidentally snoozed off in the quad, and what started off with me closing my eyes for 5 minutes to catch some rays ended with a nap that lasted 3 hours. I unfortunately soon realized quickly after that my amazing top secret to space was actually nothing more then a dream. There was no fame to come of it, and my professor never actually gave me the trust to go on this top secret mission. Although my trip to the solar system may not have been real, it will be something though that I will never forget.

Primary and Secondary Research in Marketing

Primary and Secondary Research in Marketing Critically analyse the effectiveness of primary and secondary research applied to product development (looking at qualitative and quantitative research). Market research can be understood in terms of how the activity is carried out, designing questionnaires, planning respondent samples, methods of data collection and analysis etc, in other words the techniques of the discipline. The purpose of market research is to assist and improve marketing decisions; selecting the optimum alternative or even setting the decision-making agenda, i.e. what are the real marketing issues facing us? In any field, the basis of good decision making is having effective and accurate information available and using it accordingly. Almost any information required in or contributing to marketing decision making and the methods used to acquire that information, can be considered to be market research but, as a distinct and specialized activity, it is the provision of information about the market that is usually the central concern. People and organisations regularly need to understand the markets that they find themselves in, including the needs of consumers that make up these markets. This understanding can be intuitive and based on common sense, where many successful decisions have been and continue to be based on no more than instinct. However, in competitive markets where implementing a decision may require major financial resources and where the costs of failure are high, there is a need for decision making based on more rigorous and reliable data. Additionally, many features of modern markets and marketing such as consumer diversity, internationalization and the ever accelerating pace of change, increase uncertainty and make the informal and intuitive approaches to understanding less secure. The more formal techniques of market research, which have been developed and matured over the last few decades, generally offer a basis for increased confidence in decision making and so reduce some of the risks that always will be present in markets. The primary purpose for market research is risk aversion, to understand what the market wants, and not just what a few customers want and reduce the risk of developing the wrong product. THE MEANING OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Product development is the phase in which the organisationdetermines if it is technically feasible to produce the product and if it canbe produced at costs low enough to make the final price reasonable. To testits acceptability, the idea or concept is converted into a prototype, orworking model. Concept cars for example are used in the development of newvehicles. The prototype should reveal tangible and intangible attributesassociated with the product in consumers minds. The products design, mechanicalfeatures and intangible aspects must be linked to wants in the marketplace.This includes the service aspects of the product, which are a vital componentof many products. Failure to determine how consumers feel about the productand how they would use it may lead to the products failure. For example, the Sinclair C5 electric buggy car, was developed as a serious on-road, single seater car for city or country use. However, drivers felt unsafe in a small buggy, and campus students ended up using the remaining stocks on-pavement runabouts. The development phase of a new product is frequently lengthyand expensive; thus a relatively small number of product ideas are put intodevelopment. If the product appears sufficiently successful during this phaseto merit testing, then during the latter part of the development phasemarketers begin to make decisions regarding branding, packaging, labelling,pricing and promotion for use in the test marketing phase. With this in mind we can now move on to talk about theeffectiveness of the use of primary and secondary research in productdevelopment. COLLECTING DATA There are two types of data collection methods, they areprimary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary Data Collection: this type of datacollection are usually observed and recorded or collected directly fromrespondents. This type of data must be gathered by observing phenomena orsurveying respondents. Primary data collection can be deemed as bespoke andtherefore time consuming and costly. This process is more lengthy and complex, it is typicallymore costly, involving experimentation, sampling, survey methods, andquestionnaire construction. The acquisition of primary data often requires anexperimental approach to determine which variable or variables caused an eventto occur. Experimentation: this involves keeping certainvariables constant so that the effects of the experimental variables can bemeasured. For example, when Apple tests a change in its AppleWorks wordprocessing computer program, all sales and marketing variables should be heldconstant except the change in the program. Sampling: by systematically choosing a limited numberof units, or sample, to represent the characteristics of a total population,marketers can project the reactions of a total market or market segment. Theobjective of sampling in product development, therefore, is to selectrepresentative units from total population. Sampling procedures are used instudying the likelihood of events based on assumptions about the future. Survey Methods: This includes interviews by mail,e-mail, or telephone and personal interviews. Selection of a survey methoddepends on the nature of the problem, the data needed to test the hypothesisand the resources, such as funding and personnel that are available to theresearcher. Questionnaire Construction: A careful constructedquestionnaire is essential to the success of any survey. A questionnaire is abase document for research purposes that provides the questions and thestructure for an interview or self-completion and has provision forrespondents answers. Questions must be designed to elicit information thatmeets the studys data requirements. Observation Methods: This method enables a researcherto record respondents overt behaviour, taking note of physical conditions andevents. Direct contact with respondents is avoided; instead, their actions areexamined and noted systematically. Observation is straightforward and avoids acentral problem of survey methods: motivating respondents to state their truefeelings or opinions. Secondary Collection Data: These types of dataare normally compiled inside or outside the organisation for some purpose otherthan the current investigation. Secondary data include general reportssupplied to an enterprise by various data services. Such reports might concernmarket share, retail inventory levels and consumer buying behaviour. Commonly,secondary data is already available in private or public reports or have beencollected and stored by the organisation itself. Because secondary data arealready available, which does save valuable time and money, they should beexamined prior to the collection of any primary data. Marketers often begin themarketing research for product development by gathering secondary information.They may use available reports and other information from both internal andexternal sources to identify a marketing problem. Internal sources of secondary data can contribute to productdevelopment. For example, an organisations marketing databank may containinformation about past marketing activities, such as sales records and researchreports that can be used to test hypothesis and pinpoint problems.Organisations accounting records are also an excellent source of data, butstrangely enough tend to be overlooked. The large volume of data that anaccounting department collects does not automatically flow to the productdevelopment area. Secondary data can also be retrieved from periodicals, censusreports, government publications, the World Wide Web and unpublished sources.Periodicals such as Investors chronicles, Marketing, The Economist, Campaign,Marketing Week, Wall Street Journal, and Fortune, print general informationthat is helpful for defining problems and developing hypothesis. Other external sources of secondary data are Trade journals,trade associations, international sources, commercial sources, governments,books in print, periodical indices and computerized literature retrievaldatabases. TYPES OF MARKET RESEARCH METHODS Broadly speaking there are two types of marketing researchmethods, they are qualitative and quantitative methods. The names describe thebasic difference in the results. Quantitative methods use samples large enoughthat there is statistical confidence in the results. Qualitative methods usevery small samples with no statistical significance. A complete research planincludes both categories of research. The mix depends on the stage ofdevelopment, the research objectives available funds, and other variables. Often, qualitative such as a focus group can be used to better identify what the issues are to do with a new product. Quantitative research is then employed to determine how prevalent the issue or need is. Qualitative research is the term applied to research that is considered exploratory or conceptual. Qualitative research will provide context,insights, and ideas for more research. The idea for the use of this type of research method is to get the participants to talk about their experiences,give opinions about situations, and to react to scenarios or prototypes. The basic characteristics of qualitative research are, broad objectives; small samples, results tend not to be generalizable or target population; and it is best used early in order to identify issues and again later in the process to validate. The following methods under qualitative methods are the most commonly used. They are: review of secondary information, focus groups and related techniques (brainstorming sessions), and observations/ ethnographic studies (insetting where the product is actually used. Quantitative research is the term applied to researchthat is considered conclusive. A researcher might use quantitative research totest hypothesis, describe the market or target population characteristics, andcheck relationships among variable. The results lead to formal conclusions andrecommendations to inform decision-making. The idea is to get enough responsethat the research will feel confident that the results reflect the market. The basic characteristics of quantitative research are:defined objectives that include hypothesis, focused research design identifieswho, how, what, why and when, large enough sample to allow for generalization(projection of results), and heart of the research. The most common quantitative research methods are: Surveys,which could be mail, telephone, online; usability studies; field testing;laboratory testing and conjoint analysis. Quantitative research is alsoconcerned with measuring aspects of a market or the population of consumersmaking up the market. This includes soft phenomena such as consumer attitudesas well as the hard things such as market size, brand shares, purchase frequenciesetc. Quantitative research and sampling: Quantitative data on a market or consumer group can be obtained through carrying out a census on the general populace, so as to obtain the relevant measures from every single consumer or (in the case of business-to-business research) player in the market. In practice market research through a census is very rare; for one thing it is usually prohibitively expensive to obtain data from every individual (the government only carries out a population census once every 10 years) and even when the money is made available the timescales involved are likely to be too long to meet commercial deadlines. Quantitative market research is, therefore, nearly always based on more or less rigorous sampling methods which have in common the assumption that the data from samples can betaken to represent, within estimated levels of accuracy, the population or universe from which they are retrieved from. Types of Quantitative Data: The range of information which can be and is collected through quantitative research is enormous if not infinite. In relation to deciding how data should be collected, all possibilities can be slotted into a simple threefold classification. They are: market measure; customer profiles or segmentation; and attitudinal data. Market measures quantify and describe a market. Common examples include: market and sector size; shares of the market held by suppliers or brands; penetration levels (what proportion of all potential consumers own or buy a product); purchase and consumption frequencies; patterns of consumption and seasonality. A vital concern in any marketing is knowing and understanding the potential customer base, what type or organisations are they? What other types of products or services do they own or use? What is required to meet this need is customer profiling or segmentation data and it is quantitative in nature because reliable breakdowns are needed for the whole market or population Additionally attitudinal data is also used in a quite general sense to cover concepts such as awareness, perceptions, beliefs, evaluations,preferences, and propensities. In other words they are, in their various forms, subjective and reside in the minds of individuals (attitudinal data is collected in business-to-business research but in the end it is still attitudes of individuals within organisations or companies, as such, do not have attitudes). Much of market research is concerned with attitudes and attitude measurement because attitudes are assumed to influence if not determine behaviour; understand consumer attitudes and the marketing may mould consumer choice in the products favour. Level of Measurement: Depending on the stage of product development, research measurement can be used to focus on particular market levels and use techniques appropriate for find out the possible level of satisfaction that will be gained from using the product. For example,manufacturers passing on sales figures, in confidence, to a third party (e.g.trade association) which collates them. Retail sales and brand shares are likely to be collected most accurately at the retail level through a retail audit. Patterns of consumption and profiles of consumers, however, will require data collection at the final level through some type of interviewing programme. The market level from which data is required, therefore, has an important bearing on the research methodology. The size of a market, for example, can be estimated by grossing up the consumption levels among a sample to the total population within the market. With adjustments (e.g. for imported products, shrinkage through the retail chain, etc) estimates also can be made of manufacturers and distributors / retail sales. However, in making such estimates various uncertain assumptions nearly always have to be made and this affects the reliability of the final data. Frequency of Measurement: Market research data is often required at only a single point in time; the current market, the shares held now by each brand, the profile of current consumers etc. In such cases the research methodology is commonly designed as a one-off and the project(i.e. product development). It is also possible that at some future date it may be decided be the organisation to collect the same sort of data again and a similar research design maybe used but at the time the first project is considered this not to be of significant importance at the time. In terms of research expenditure, most market research budgets are taken up buying repeat measures through continuous research. Continuous data allows important measures to be tracked overtime; movements in brand shares for example show progress (or decline) against competitors and changes in the trend provide an early warning to take action. Discrete trends also can be interrelated to other measures taken in the continuous research programme (e.g. media exposure) or independent variables such as economic indicators and all the data ca be integrated into a model which allows for predictions to be made or enables what if questions to be answered. Continuous data can be collected from matched samples (each made up of different respondents) and in some applications this is the preferred approach. Due to the high costs associated with conducting continuous research, much of the wok tends to be syndicated with costs shared among a number of subscribers. The nature of the respondent: The location of potential respondents may for example, influence any decision to use phone or visit interviewing. Other considerations may favour face-to-face methods but if the selected sample of say 50 potential buyers of a product is spread allover Western Europe, phone interviewing maybe ruled out if an important part of the sample is seldom found there; e.g. older people. Respondents personal attributes may also influence the research design. Self completion surveys are not appropriate among an illiterate or semi-literate respondent group or where interest in the subject of the research is likely to be low. Similarly, the wording of questions may need to reflect respondents language skills and familiarity with terminology: computer jargon may have a place in a survey of IT workers but not among the general population. Where as is common, the sample is mixed in these respects, the design must actually work lowest common denominator assumptions. Access to communications and the status of respondents are also relevant to an appropriate design. While most business-to-business respondents can be contacted by phone, this will be less the case where shop floor attitudes need to be established or where workers are very mobile. In such cases respondents may need to be recruited away from their place of work. THEDIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT The roots of the words qualitative and quantitative imply that one is based on quality and the other on quantity. There is some truth in this. Qualitative research is centrally concerned with the understanding rather than the measurement of things. The trouble is the lack of measurement means that it is never possible to be absolutely sure that the findings are correct. It is his inability to validate qualitative research that causes some consternation in relation to its use in product development. For example, the government recently commissioned little qualitative research as it is worried that the findings would not stand up to public scrutiny. More recently, though, since the 1997 General Election, interest by government in focus groups and similar had become a news item. The focus on quality and small numbers of respondents allows the research consultants to collect much of the data themselves in contrast to qualitative surveys where the numbers of interviews are too great for any single person to make more than a dent. One of the strengths of qualitative research is that it deeply involves experienced and skilled practitioners in the subject who can lift data and turn it into creative research findings. Here too there are problems as well as advantages. Much of the information gathered through qualitative research depends on the skills of the practitioner. Small numbers of respondents and just one or two people carrying out the interviewing allows more open-ended questions than in quantitative surveys. Open-ended questioning is the fabric of qualitative researchers. There is no hard and fast rule as to the break in sample size between qualitative and quantitative research. Most researchers would agree that 30 or fewer respondents would certainly constitute qualitative work.Others would argue that any sample much below 200 interviews is verging on the qualitative method because such low numbers produce findings with extremely large bands of error. According to Goodyear (1990), qualitative and quantitative research differs in four important ways, they are: in the type of problem that each can solve; the methods of sampling; the methods of sampling; the methods and style of collecting information; and the approach to and techniques of analysis. THE RESEARCH CYCLE The research cycle is different depending on what stage of product development the research is done for. A typical research cycle would include most or all of the steps mentioned below. These steps should be regarded as categorised as a combination both primary and secondary research.They are: Secondary Literature Search: An astonishing amount of information exists here, or is being collected about consumer needs, wants their behaviour, about markets, prices, opportunities, etc. A list of questions and assumptions is required at this stage to identify what customers would see in the product. One could use the internet to locate studies that relate to it. This is an inexpensive way to prepare for the other research steps. At this point the primary concern for the researcher are,opportunities, and potential of the product, and identifying information to help in formulating plans. Exploratory Focus Groups: These groups enable the researcher to hear about peoples needs, wishes, current products (especially the strengths and weaknesses), how they compensate for what they dont have, attitudes about the markets, etc. At this point the researcher is still thinking about opportunities, potential, etc, and looking for information to formulate plans. Ethnographic Study: One may want to observe people using related products and services in real time. This helps clarify what is gathered in research studies and heard in focus groups. At this point the latter of opportunities still holds. Large Scale Survey: The survey allows one to collect quantifiable information about assumptions, questions raised by the focus groups, planning, and general market conditions of the product from the general populace. At this point the researcher would already have concrete assumptions about potential customers, their needs, and the market in general. In this situation one is looking to verify those assumptions and ideas, with statistical confidence. Additionally one may want to conduct surveys throughout the development process to clarify issues, help you make choices etc. Usability Testing and Laboratory Testing: the test here helps one to refine various features of the product as it is being developed. Are the buttons in the right place, etc? At this point a prototype is being built, according to the information already gathered through primary and secondary sources using qualitative and quantitative methods of research.As the major components of the new product are being put together, its best to test their functionality with real customers. Prototype Focus Groups: These groups test the researchers execution of plans gathered previously. For example, do the features of the prototype meet their needs of the market? At this point specific information with regard to feedback about the look, feel, feasibility,etc of the prototype is gathered. (The researcher should expect at least two or three rounds of groups to refine the new product). Field Test: This enables the new product to betested. Users put the prototype through its paces. One might want to makesure that the product is tested in a variety of settings to make sure theproduct goes through the range of possible experiences. At this point the producthas been designed and built. Now is to see how good the product is with regardto its market category, in which substantial evaluation has already beencarried out. SUMMARYAND CONCLUSION This paper has looked at the meaning of product development, thetwo types of data collection methods namely, primary data collection andsecondary data collection methods. Under primary data collection itidentifies, the type of primary data collection, namely, experimentation,sampling, survey methods, questionnaire construction and observation methods.Under secondary data, we have identified the use of periodicals, census report,government publication, trade journals and the World Wide Web as being the mostused method under this type of data collection. We have also described thetypes of market research methods, namely, qualitative and quantitative researchmethods Under quantitative research we have looked at sampling, the types of quantitative data used, level of measurement, frequency of measurement, and nature of respondent or potential customers for the new product. Additionally, we have also identified a few differences in the use of research methods for product development such as the measurement of the concluded findings for a research etc. Finally, we looked at the research cycle with regard to what point of the cycle a new product would be evaluated and tested in real markets. The research cycle tells us about the use of secondary literature search, exploratory focus groups, ethnographic study, large scale survey, usability testing and laboratory testing, prototype focus groups, and field testing in product development. It is worthwhile to conclude here that although secondaryresearch, which is based on already existing data or information; i.e. datafrom primary research is one that is collected directly from the source, whilesecondary research builds on primary research already gathered, one should notethat information gathered for secondary research might not be as accurate asone might expect. The reason for this is that, a secondary data collectionresearcher might not have been part of the primary research team, and thereforethe outcome of the results of secondary research to do with quantitativeanalysis might prove to be inaccurate in its use for product development. Further work is required to develop this approach to see if the potential benefits can actually be realised in practice. Additionally, there should be a greater consideration of the issues involved in secondary analysis of single, multiple, and mixed data sets. Finally, some more specific guidelines are needed for researchers about the ethical issues to be considered when undertaking qualitative work that maybe re-used in the future such as being biased and not taking on board important issues that would affect the outcome of the product in the final stages of development. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Achenbaum,A.A., (1993), The future challenge to market research, MarketingResearch: A magazine of Management and Applications, 5(2), pp. 12-18 Albaum,G., (1987), Do source and anonymity affect mail survey results?Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 15(3), pp 74-81 Baker,M.J., (1993), Look before you leap, Research for Marketing,Macmillan, London, Chapter 1, pp. 1-40 Bhaduri,M., De Souza, M., Sweeney, T., (1993), International qualitativeresearch: A critical review of different approaches, Marketing andResearch Today, 2(3), pp. 171-178. Brown,M., (1994), What price response?, The Journal of the MarketResearch Society, 36, pp. 227-244. Byers,P.Y. and Wilcox, J.R., (1991), Focus groups: a qualitative opportunityfor researchers, Journal of Business Communication, 28(1), pp. 63-78. Chisnall,P., (1992), Role and development of marketing research, MarketingResearch, 4th edn., McGraw Hill, London, Chapter 1, pp. 3-22. Colwell,J., (1990), Qualitative market research: a conceptual analysis andreview of practioner criteria, The Journal of the Market Research Society,32. Dibb,S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.M., Ferrell, O.C., (2001), Marketing, conceptsand strategies, Fourth European edition, Chapter 10, pp.301. Freeling,A., (1994), Marketing is in crisis can market research help?,The Journal of the Market Research Society, 36, pp. 97-104 Hooley,G.J. and West, C.J., (1984), The untapped markets for market research,The Journal of the Market Research Society, 26(4). Mason,N., (1990) EPOS, Birn, R., Hague, R., and Vangelder, P. (Eds), Ahandbook of Market Research Techniques, Kogan Page, London. Sweeney,J.C., (1997), Collecting information from groups, a comparison ofmethods, The Journal of the Market Research Society, 39(2), pp. 397-411. Swires-Hennessy,E., and Drake, M., (1992), The optimum time at which to conduct surveyinterviews, The Journal of the Market Research Society, 34(1), pp. 61-78. www.mori.co.uk www.forrester.co.uk

The Epidemic of AIDS in the African-American Community :: Health Medical HIV Diseases Essays

In the early 1980's, many gay men were found to suffer from Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer usually associated with elderly men of Mediterranean ethnicity. Eventually the gay men wasted away and died. Word began to spread throughout the homosexual community that gay men were dying of an otherwise rare cancer. The medical community began to refer to this syndrome by the colloquialism "Gay Cancer". As medical scientists researched, they discovered that the syndrome included other manifestations, such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). A rare form of pneumonia caused by protozoa, its name was changed to "GRID", or Gay Related Immune Deficiency. The effect that the stigma of homosexuality had on the general public's perception and handling of the disease cannot be overlooked. Within the medical community, it quickly became apparent that the disease was not specific to gay men (as blood transfusion patients, heroin users, heterosexual women and newborn babies became added to the list of afflicted), and the renamed the syndrome (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) in misconception holds that the disease was introduced by a gay male flight attendant, named Gaetan Dugas, referred to as "Patient Zero". However, subsequent research has revealed that there were cases of AIDS much earlier than initially known. It has also been theorized that a series of inoculations against hepatitis that were performed in the gay community of San Francisco were tainted with HIV. There is a high correlation between recipients of that vaccination and initial cases of AIDS, though this of course has never been proven to be accurate. Since the turn of the century, the overall health of all Americans has improved substantially. Although advances in medical and scientific technology have improved the health status of the American people, there is a growing concern and recognition that African-Americans have not benefited equally from the fruits of science. Whereas these facts are not "new news," it is apparent that most of the public and the scientific community are not fully aware of the full impact of these problems. There are government agencies that aim to provide health services to minorities: the Office of Minority Health (which seeks to develop health policies beneficial to minorities) and the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (which seeks to promote minority health and eliminate health disparities). On June 23, 2004 President George W. Bush spoke at a press conference in Philadelphia, Pa. where he announced his latest HIV/AIDS initiative.

A Summary of Bram Stokers Dracula Essay -- English Literature

A Summary of Bram Stoker's Dracula Dracula is an epistolary novel, meaning that is composed from letters, journal and diary entries, telegrams, and newspaper clippings. Jonathan Harker, Mina Murray (later Mina Harker), and Dr. Seward write the largest contributions to the novel although the writings of Lucy Westenra and Abraham Van Helsing constitute some key parts of the book. The novel has a slightly journalistic feel, as it is a harrowing account supposedly written by the people who witnessed the book's events. A young Englishman named Jonathan Harker travels through Transylvania on a business trip. He is there to aid Count Dracula, a Transylvanian nobleman, in buying an English estate. His journey into the remote Eastern European landscape is fearsome, although initially he is charmed by the Count's generosity and intelligence. Gradually, he comes to realize that he is a prisoner in Dracula's castle, and that the Count is a demonic being who plans to prey on the teeming masses of London. Possessing the supernatural ability to scale vertical walls and live without a reflection. Dracula leaves him to die at the hands of three female vampires, but Jonathan attempts a desperate escape. Meanwhile, in England, Jonathan's fiancà ©e Mina visits her best friend, Lucy Westenra. Lucy has recently been proposed to by three men Arthur Holmwood, Dr. Seward, and Quincey Morris. She chooses Arthur to be her happy fiancà ©. Mina and Lucy vacation together at Whitby, a quaint seaside town renowned for its ghostly history. While they are there, a Russian vessel is shipwrecked. A large dog leaps from the wreck and runs away. All of its crew are missing apart from one dead captain. The ship was carrying fifty boxes of e... ...la's chest. Now, after enough time has passed she will become one of the undead unless they can destroy Dracula first. They set to work, sterilizing (with holy wafer) all but one of the boxes in one day. Dracula, in the last box, flees back to Transylvania to rest and regroup for another attack. The band of friends tracks him down, splitting up so that Van Helsing and Mina will go to purge the castle while the four young men track the last box. Van Helsing and Mina succeed, killing the three female vampires and using holy wafer to render the castle uninhabitable for the undead. They then regroup with the others, and all together they surround the gypsies who are transporting Dracula in his coffin. During the struggle against the gypsies, Quincey receives a mortal wound. Jonathan and Quincey deliver the killing blows to Dracula just as the sun is setting.

Old Age in An Old Mans Winter Night and Follower Essay -- Robert Fros

Old Age in An Old Man's Winter Night and Follower This poem has a very direct title which intices the audience to find out more and is very similar to that of a Hollywood movie and uses plain language. From the 1st line we can see the boy’s possessiveness of his father from the words â€Å"My† we also know it is referring to the past from the tense of the word â€Å"worked† we also find out that he works on a farm. In the next 3 lines we can see the poets admiration for his father by the way he talks about the size of the man â€Å"globed like a full sail strung† and his strength. We see that his father was a real expert at his job by the way he can control horses with his tongue, heaneys intention was to show us the mans expertise and how he was in full control, it also shows us how hard the horses were working for him. In the next stanza on the 1st line Heaney calls his father â€Å"an expert† then pauses for affect to let it sink in, this is to show us the mans power and also the pure admiration from his son. In the next 2 lines we are again told about how good he was at his job â€Å"sod rolled over without breaking† the language which is used almost makes it seem effortless for the man. In the next stansa we see Heaneys use of enjanment with a run on line â€Å"Turned around – And back into the land† which reflects the movement of the plough. In the 3rd line we can see his father â€Å"narrowed and angled at the ground† using only his skill, not instruments, this makes him appear very wise and we can see that the boy is once again admiring his skills. In the next stansa we can see how the boy is clumsy in comparison to his father â€Å"I stumbled in his hobnailed wake† we also see his clumsiness from the word â€Å"fell† in the... ...the old man and his quality of life. After reading both poems we are given 2 different views on old age by 2 different poets. In Robert Frosts a lot of pity is felt for the old age and the poet seems to be very concerned about the quality of life being lived by the old man, he sympathises with the loneliness and feels sorry for the old man. Heaney seems to have a quite a different view on old age and we almost feel as if he is annoyed at his father for not being able to care for himself now, he is frustrated that the man whom he always looked up to has now become frail and now follows him around opposed to when he was a child. Out of the 2 poems I prefer Robert Frosts â€Å"An Old Mans Winter Night† as I believe that it has much more meaning to it and it really gets into the life of the old man and gets sympathy from the reader and gets them involved.

English- Standard

What does this cartoon suggest about belonging? The Image shown suggests that the talking cartoon character feels he needs to Isolate himself from the world until It Is a happy place gall that he wishes to live In. It is as if he only wishes to belong to places in which he believes are positive. II. What features of this cartoon suggest this message? The main reasons that suggest this is the text shown from the cartoon character and his body language.The cartoons speech is very negative toward belonging not Just to place but also to self. The characters body language suggests to the readers that the image is of an unhappy and negative tone. Another feature that suggests this is the shading of the building this shows us a feeling of isolation which is created by the character In the way he Is locking himself away from society and the world. Question Two: Poem l. What reflections does the poem offer on returning to the place where on grew up? Support your answer with detail from the po em.Wealth the poem there are feelings of different tones. These being negative and positive to returning to Darwin. It seems hat the author does not want to return when he say such quotes as â€Å"dragging my body behind†, this give a sense of disappointment as he uses an unwilling tone to describe what he is feeling when he arrives back in Darwin after twenty five years of leaving. The metaphor â€Å"landfill† is also used in describing his negative view, it has been said that throughout the poem that he cannot escape Darwin, it is as if he needs to belong to Darwin to survive. It fills the nose like a childhood dunked in scented tea†, Is another form of tone but in this cause takes on a positive perspective, his gives us a technique of emotive language. This technique gives the readers a better sense of what the character Is experiencing at the present time. It also shows experience past times. Question Three: Prose Extract l. How does the narrator evoke the ex perience of being at home in the landscape? In David Ireland's extract â€Å"The Chosen†, Ireland shows the way the beauty of natural sceneries can fill a girl with impressions of belonging through a keen eye of discoveries of the natural world.The extract begins by using a metaphor of â€Å"She began to love the silence†, this helps to indicate her somewhat as it seem previous fife with â€Å"silence†. The girl further begins to explore the sceneries, which leads her to finally understand nature where she experiences tranquility of the sceneries and begins to â€Å"love the silence† once again, It Is as If every step she takes excites her more and more about future discoveries. â€Å"She listened to see If she could hear the crops growing† is used to suggest her unfamiliarity of being in mother natures arms, she an discoveries.Question Four: Visual Text, Poem and Prose Extract l. In each of these texts, perceptions of belonging involve connections between people and places. Select and TWO of these texts and compare their portrayal of the connections between people and places. In the text â€Å"Darwin 1967-1992† and â€Å"The Chosen† perceptions of belonging are very much the same, both texts reveal a sense of wanting to belong to place but they also show a sense of not wanting to belong for particular reasons.In â€Å"Darwin 1967-1992†³ the main idea is to show that past experiences can connect you to a place you may not particularly want to be, in this case Darwin. It is as if the author cannot escape, as it is truly where his sense of belonging is. It is like Darwin is the only place he can be his true self. The Chosen† can be taken by an audience as wanting to belong or not wanting to belong much like â€Å"Darwin 1967-1992†. In â€Å"The Chosen† we can see she did not want to belong at first but soon grew to love the sceneries much like the author of â€Å"Darwin 1967-1992† loved Darwin as a place when he was younger.The girls opening sentence soon tells us that she wishes to connect and belong to place by the way she somewhat lets herself fall into mother natures arms. The girl seem to disconnect from the people as she says â€Å"She began to love the silence† showing that she doesn't want to hear anything form the world outside of the sceneries she is connecting herself to, Just like the author of â€Å"Darwin 1967-1993† is aiming to disconnect himself form all the experiences and people of Darwin.Essay: â€Å"Heat and Dust†- Ruth Brawler Cabala â€Å"Time and Tide†- Tim Winston Belonging is not Just defined by on specific definition but by many, this can be influenced from events people have endured in life or from views and perceptions told from others. Belonging means the feeling of acceptance, security and fulfillment, or the connection felt to people, places, communities and the world itself. These feeling can be iden tified through Ruth Brawler Cabala's novel â€Å"Heat and Dust† and Tim Window's 1997 feature article â€Å"Time and Tide†.Belonging to place is a very significant aspect to a persons feeling of being accepted and connected. In Cabala's â€Å"Heat and Dust† the narrator travels to India to reconstruct the story of Olivia and to find herself and where she belongs in Indian culture. Her first expectations of India are not what she envisioned at all she imagined India to be Just like or identical to the memoirs, prints and letters of Olive's she had received. The first view that is shown to backup the narrator's negative view of India is the loss of her watch.She uses empathic tone in the line â€Å"Not already' to suggest the expectation of things being taken. The narrator somewhat starts to forget about her first views of India and become diverted into the India culture, she does this by opening up her windows and door to let the heat and dust which brings her i nto the realization of what Indian culture is and what she wishes to do to make a connection to India and belong to India and its people.The narrator's sense of belonging to the people of India truly starts when she Joins and feels connected to the Ender La's family this is shown through the metaphor â€Å"Joined the Ender Ala line†. This use of this metaphor is to show the narrators deep and true feeling for the Ender Ala family and their culture. The narrator soon become intensely involved in Indian culture after she is introduced to how they live, eat, sleep and dress. She begins to live like the Indians by only sleeping in a small room with minimal furniture and resources. She also begins to eat traditional Indian food and wear the traditional Indian clothing.The narrator become so involved and in love with India as the days go on this can be seen in the line â€Å"l lie awake for hours: with happiness†, the use of the colon helps to add and emphasis positive tone of the narrator and show us that she is keeping with a positive state of mind. The narrator soon become pregnant to Ender Ala in a secret affair of which only they know of. The narrator makes the decision and tries an abortion to help keep her love affair secret to the Indian culture. The narrator allows Magi to proceed with the abortion until he is suddenly stopped by the narrator's rods of â€Å"l suddenly cried out, No please stop†.The narrator makes the individual choice of not to abort the baby this is seen in the line â€Å"It was absolutely clear to me now that I wanted my pregnancy'. When the narrator leaves Cabala uses evocative language such as † brilliant light† and â€Å"light steamed in† to describe the landscape that the narrator is entering after her procedure. The landscape somewhat seems to match the narrators feeling and thoughts, it is as if India is happy with her decision and accept. Notion of belonging can be questionable. The British in Cabala novel see India as Mathew of a remote outpost.They brought their own British culture with them. They lived in gated and isolated settlement which where within the Indian towns. With their culture they also brought their own fashion, foods, furnishing and religion. The British more or less didn't open themselves up to India because they where unsure and uncomfortable about the many unfamiliar sights of many things such as the weather, disease, colors, foods and insects. They did not come to see this as tourists they mention, but they come as rulers. Throughout the novel there are many ententes that give the readers a sense of the British not wanting to belong.For example they are completely opposite to the narrator who is willing to let herself open to India. They keep their windows and doors shut to make the heat and dust stay ways from them unlike the narrator who keep hers open because it helps her to connect to the Indian culture. They are also very different in the wa y that they don't try to live in the Indian culture like the narrator, they never try any of the Indian food, clothing or furnishings. People desire relationships to provide or create a sense of connection or belonging to place. Belonging to place is very important in Tim Window's article â€Å"Time and Tide†.Winston affiliate himself with the sea, the connection is so strong that he sees the sea as another home. The feeling of the sea being a home leads Winston to having a large feeling of idealization with the sea, this is very much seen when he refers to the sea as â€Å"The Big Blue†. Window's strong affiliation is also shown in the metaphor of â€Å"l grew up† this show a technique of symbolism as the sea somewhat shows a view of his growth as he grew up. Vivid imagery is also used to advocate how connecting the sea is to IM and how connected he is to the sea.Within the article we learn that Winston does not Just have a strong relationship to the sea but hi s family as well. Winston mentions many memories which he shares with his father but most important his mother. The relationship with his mother is most important through the piece as his mother soon realizes his connection to the sea and sees how it is somewhat of another nurturing mother to her son. His mother realizes him from Just her mothering and allows the sea to mother as well. The sea does not Just allow Winston to feel as if he belongs to lace but also allows him to show his sense of acceptance, and also his own sense of identity.In Ruth Brawler Cabala's â€Å"Heat and Dust† and Tim Window's â€Å"Time and Tide†, all character find themselves wanting to be involved in belonging to place or not belonging to place. Both sides are seen in â€Å"Heat and dust† where as only one is seen in â€Å"Time and Tide†. There choices much belong to their attitude and willingness to the culture or society. It is as if to truly feel a sense of belonging they ne ed to have a sense of a relationship with somebody or something from the place they are at the time.